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Packet Switching

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Umama Khan
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8 views27 pages

Packet Switching

Uploaded by

Umama Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Packet Switching

Around 1970, research began on a


new form of architecture for long
distance communications: Packet
Switching.
1
Introduction
Packet Switching refers to protocols
in which messages are divided into
packets before they are sent. Each
packet is then transmitted individually
and can even follow different routes
to its destination. Once all the
packets forming a message arrive at
the destination, they are recompiled
into the original message.

2
Packet Switching Application
 Most modern Wide Area Network (WAN) protocols,
including TCP/IP, X.25, and Frame Relay, are based
on packet-switching technologies. In contrast,
normal telephone service is based on a circuit-
switching technology, in which a dedicated line is
allocated for transmission between two parties.
Circuit-switching is ideal when data must be
transmitted quickly and must arrive in the same
order in which it's sent. This is the case with most
real-time data, such as live audio and video. Packet
switching is more efficient and robust for data that
can withstand some delays in transmission, such as
e-mail messages and Web pages.

3
Recall Circuit Switching
Call Set-up
Data Transfer
Call disconnect

4
Features of Circuit Switching
Resources are allocated for the call
throughout the network.
Calls may be blocked if the resources
are not available.
Circuit switching is connection
oriented.
Circuit Switching originated due to
need for voice communications.

5
Circuit Switching for Data
When Circuit Switching networks
started to be used for data
communications it became clear that:
Data traffic is bursty so most of the
time allocated resources would be
unutilized.
There is asymmetry in the data rate
required for each communicating
party.
6
Packet Switching
Packet Switching started in the 1970s.
ARPANET that became Internet
In the beginning most people did not believe it
would work
The basic technology of packet switching is
fundamentally the same today as it was in the
early 1970’s networks
Packet switching remains one of the few
technologies for effective long-distance data
communications.
7
Packet Switching Networks are
Switched Networks

8
Packet Switching Operation
Data are transmitted in short packets.
Typically an upper bound on packet size is
1000 octets.
If a station has a longer message to send
it breaks it up into a series of small
packets. Each packet now contains part of
the user's data and some control
information. The control information
should at least contain:
 Destination Address
 Source Address
9
Packet Switching Operation

10
Packet Switching Operation

11
12
Virtual Circuits and Datagrams
There are two approaches to packet
switching network design:
 Datagram Packet Switching
 Virtual Circuit Packet Switching

13
Datagrams
In datagram approach each packet is
treated independently with no
reference to packets that have gone
before. No connection is set up.
More processing time per packet per
node
Robust in the face of link or node
failures.

14
Virtual Circuits
In Virtual Circuit approach a pre-
planned route is established before any
packets are sent. There is a call set up
before the exchange of data. All
packets follow the same route and
therefore arrive in sequence.
More set up time
Less routing or processing time
Susceptible to data loss in the face of
link or node failure
15
Packet
Switching
Datagram
Approach

16
Packet
Switching
Virtual
Circuit
Approach

17
18
Effect of Packet Size

19
Routing Decision

20
21
External and Internal Operation
- ED/IVC

22
External and Internal Operation
- ED/ID

23
External and Internal Operation
- EVC/IVC

24
External and Internal Operation
- EVC/ID

25
Comparison with Circuit Switching

26
Packet Switching Future
A new technology, ATM, attempts to
combine the best of both worlds -- the
guaranteed delivery of circuit-
switched networks and the robustness
and efficiency of packet-switching
networks.

27

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