INTRODUCTION TO

AUTOMOBILE

 HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOTIVE

 CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMOBILE
INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMOBILE

Is a self-propelled vehicle that travels on land.

WHAT IS A It usually has four wheels. An engine provides
AUTOMOBILE ? power to move the vehicle . The automobile
or car, carries people for their personal
- transformation.

SELF-PROPELLED – able to move by its own power.

 HISTORY OF
AUTOMOBILE

Benz Patent-Motorwagen
KARL FRIEDRICH BENZ
 CONSTRUCTION OF THE
AUTOMOBILE
About 15,000 separate parts are put together to
make an automobile. These parts are grouped into
several systems. Each system is made up of two or
more parts that work together to perform a specific
job.

7 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
AUTOMOBILE
3. SUSPENSION SYSTEM 5. BREAKING SYSTEM
1. ENGINE

2. POWER TRAIN 4. STEERING SYSTEM 6. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

7. BODY
1. ENGINE -An engine or motor is a machine
designed to convert one or more forms of energy into
mechanical energy.
The automotive engine
is an internal
combustion engine.
Internal means inside
and combustion means
burning . Power is
produce by burning a
mixture of air and fuel
inside the cylinders in
the engine . This
movement is caried
through the gears and
shaft to rotate the
 SUPPORTING ENGINE
OPERATION

1. FUEL
2.SYSTEM
IGNITION SYSTEM
3. LUBRICATING SYSTEM
4. COOLING SYSTEM
 THE FUEL SYSTEM
 The fuel system in a vehicle consists of a few components
that help transfer fuel from the tank to the engine for
combustion. Since fuel delivery to the engine is essential
for smooth driving; your fuel system must always be in
efficient working condition. If there is a lapse in the system
you will feel a loss in power and performance.
PARTS OF THE FUEL SYSTEM
1.The Fuel Tank
2. The Fuel Pump
3. The Fuel Rail
4. Injector
1. The Fuel Tank - The tank is
where all your fuel is stored. It is
also the starting point of the
entire fuel system. Fuel tanks in
older cars are usually situated at
the back-end, right between the
rear seat and the trunk.

2. The Fuel Pump - The pump

injects fuel into the fuel lines
with extreme pressure so that
the engine gets the right amount
of fuel at the right time.
 3. The Fuel Rail - The component
that receives the fuel before it enters
the engine’s combustion chamber is
the fuel rail. This component has
several sensors that measure the fuel
pressure received from the pump and
the amount of fuel required by the
engine.
4.The Fuel Injectors - As their
name suggests, injectors ‘inject’ fuel
into the engine cylinders. The process
of fuel injection happens thousands of
times while you are driving and that
makes the injectors susceptible to
wear.
 IGNITION SYSTEM
are used by heat engines to initiate combustion
by igniting the fuel-air mixture. In a spark
ignition version of the internal combustion
engine, the ignition system creates a spark to
ignite the fuel-air mixture just before each
combustion stroke.
PARTS OF THE IGNITION SYSTEM
1. Battery 6. Distributor Housing & Cap
2. Ignition Switch 7. Spark Plugs
3. Resistor
4. Ignition Coil

5. Rotor
1.Battery- The battery is an essential
ignition system component, providing the
power needed to start a vehicle. The
battery supplies the power to turn over the
engine's internal combustion process and
gets your car going.

2. Ignition Switch- The ignition

switch is responsible for starting a car.
It connects the battery and the starter
motor, allowing power to flow when
the key is turned.
3. Resistor-The resistor regulates
your ignition system, as it helps
control the amount of current allowed
to pass through the wire coils

4. Ignition Coil - The ignition coil is

an electrical component that
transforms the low voltage from a car
battery into thousands of volts to
cause an electric spark in the spark
plugs. It is made up of two wire coils,
primary and secondary, which are
responsible for generating this high-
voltage current.
 5. Rotor - The rotor sits atop a spinning shaft
in your engine, distributing electricity from
the distributor housing to each spark plug. It
uses centrifugal force to send electricity to
each spark plug in synchronization with the
other ignition system components.

6. Distributor Housing & Cap- The

distributor housing is a circular case
that contains a shaft and rotor and is
responsible for controlling electricity
flow through the ignition system. It
ensures that electricity is evenly
distributed to all parts of your car's
engine for optimal performance.
 7. Spark Plugs- Finally, we come to
the spark plugs, responsible for
igniting combustible fuel and air in
the engine cylinders. The spark plug
has a metal tip connected to an
electrode, and when electricity
reaches it, a spark is created, igniting
the mixture of fuel and air, which
allows combustion to occur.
 LUBRICATING
SYSTEM
It’s the system that ensures oil is distributed to
the various lubrication points within the
engine. Lubrication points are the places where
engine oil flows between moving parts,
reducing friction and cooling vital components.

PARTS OF LUBRICATING SYSTEM

1.Oil sump
2.Oil filter
3.Oil pump
4.Oil galleries
 1. Oil sump- Also known as the oil pan, an oil
sump is a reservoir where lubricant is kept
when the engine is not running. Located at
the bottom of the engine, the oil sump also
aids in dissipating heat. After oil has run
through the engine and absorbed heat, it
returns to the sump where heat can be
released to the surrounding air.

2. Oil filter- filters out any dirt or contaminants

that the oil may have collected while running
through the system.
3. Oil pump- Once oil has been filtered out of the
reservoir, it is circulated throughout the engine by
the pump. Again, there are two types of
mechanisms used here. A gear pump uses two
meshed gears to create a flow of oil, while a rotor
pump has a set of spinning rotors to generate oil
flow. Both are powered by the engine.

4. Oil galleries -Oil galleries are the

passages in an engine lubrication
system that delivers oil to critical
components such as the crankshaft
bearings, camshafts, and pistons.
These passageways are integrated
throughout the engine block and
cylinder head and are typically made
of metal.
 COOLING SYSTEM
The main function of an engine’s cooling system is to ensure the
engine operates at its optimum operating temperature. An
automotive engine operates best at the temperature
predetermined by the manufacturer. When an engine operates
below the set/targeted temperature, component life is reduced,
emits more pollutants, and the engine becomes less efficient.
Therefore, the important task of the cooling system is to allow
the engine to come up to operating temperature as quickly as
possible, and then maintain a constant engine temperature.

1.Radiator

2. Water Pump

3. Thermostat

4. Cooling Fan
1.Radiator- Radiators are usually
manufactured from aluminum, copper,
or brass. They are made up of many
small diameter tubes with fins attached.
Notwithstanding the materials used,
radiators are basically of two
types: crossflow and down-flow
radiators, depending on where the tank
is located. These designs allow the
radiator to exchange the hot engine
coolant temperature with the ambient
air, with the assistance of the cooling
fan thus reducing coolant temperature
before it re-enters the engine.
2. Water Pump- When the
coolant cools after being in the
radiator, the water pump sends
the fluid back to the cylinder
block, heater core, and cylinder
head. Eventually, the liquid
enters the radiator again, where
it3.cools down again
Thermostat- acts as a valve for the
coolant and only allows it to pass through the
radiator when a certain temperature has been
exceeded. The thermostat contains paraffin wax,
which expands at a certain temperature and opens
at that temperature. The cooling system uses a
thermostat to regulate the normal operating
temperature of the internal combustion engine.
When the engine reaches standard operating
temperature, the thermostat is triggered. Then the
4.Cooling Fan- The primary function of
the cooling fan is to regulate engine
temperature by dissipating excess heat.
Engines generate a tremendous amount
of heat during operation, and if this
heat is not managed effectively, it can
lead to overheating and result in engine
damage.
THE
POWERTRAI
N

•Powertrain or
drivetrain carries
power from the
engine to the
drive wheels
 TYPES OF DRIVETRAIN

1. FRONT-WHEEL DRIVE
2. REAR-WHEEL DRIVE
3. FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE

PARTS OF
POWERTRAIN
1. TRANSMISSION
2. CLUTCH
3. TRANSAXLE
4. TRANSFER CASE
5. DRIVESHAFT
6. DEFFERENCIAL
FRONT-WHEEL
DRIVE(FWD)-
Engine power flows
to the transaxle to
the front wheels.
REAR-WHEEL
DRIVE(RWD) –
ENGINE POWER
FLOWS THROUGH
THE TRANSMISSION
AND DRIVESSHAFT
TO THE REAR
WHEELS.
FOUR-WHEEL DRIVE
(FWD)- THIS VEHICLE
USUALLY HAVE
TRANSFER CASE , IT
CAN SEND OR
TRANSFER SOME OF
THE ENGINE POWER
TO THE FRONT
WHEELS.
TRANSMISSION-
IS A SYSTEM IN
VEHICLE THAT
TRANSMITS
POWER FROM
THE ENGINE TO
THE WHEELS .
2 TYPES OF TRANSMISSION
CLUTCH
•The primary function of the
clutch is to engage and
disengage the connection
between the engine and the
transmission. When the
clutch pedal is pressed
down, the clutch
disengages, separating the
engine's power from the
transmission.
 TRANSAXLE

•A Transaxle is a
transmission
(gearbox) and
differential combined
as used in most front
wheel drive vehicles.
On a front wheel
drive vehicle, the
Transaxle and engine
are combined. The
transaxle acts as a
gearbox and
differential.
 TRANSFER
CASE
•On four-wheel-drive vehicles,
the transfer case contains gears
that connect a second drive
shaft to send power to all four
wheels instead of just the front
or rear ones. The transfer case
on some vehicles, particularly
those intended for off-road use,
are engaged by a separate gear
lever or electric buttons or a
rotary switch on the dashboard.
DRIVESHAF
T
•IT TRANSMITS
POWER FROM THE
TRANSMISSION TO
THE WHEELS .
 IT ALLOWS THE WHEEL TO
DIFFERENC ROTATE AT DIFFERENT SPEED
IAL WICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR
SMOOTH TURNING.
THE SUSPENSION SYSTEM

is a critical component that integrates

various functions to enhance the
vehicle’s ride quality, handling, safety,
and load-bearing capabilities. It plays a
significant role in ensuring that the
vehicle operates smoothly and effectively
under various driving conditions.
 PARTS OF THE SUSPENSION SYSTEM

• Springs
• Shock Absorbers and Struts
• Control Arms
• Bushings
• anti-Sway Bars
• Ball Joints
 WHY WE NEED SUSPENSION SYSTEM

1. Ride Comfort- The suspension absorbs and

cushions the impact of road irregularities, such as
bumps and potholes, to provide a smoother and
more comfortable ride for passengers.
2. Vehicle Handling- It helps maintain proper tire
contact with the road, which is crucial for steering
control and overall vehicle stability. This enhances
handling and cornering performance.
3. Safety-By ensuring the tires remain in contact
with the road and improving vehicle stability, the
suspension system plays a critical role in safe
driving, especially during maneuvers and
emergency situations.

4. Load Support- It supports the weight of the

vehicle and its cargo, balancing the load across the
wheels to maintain proper alignment and prevent
excessive wear on tires and other components.
 PARTS OF SUSPENSION SYSTEM
1. Springs- These absorb and store energy from road impacts

TYPE OF SPRING

1. COIL SPRING 2. LEAF SPRING 3.AIR SPRING

2. Shock Absorbers and Struts dampen the
movement of the springs to control bounce and
reduce vibrations.
3. Control Arms- These connect the wheel hubs to the
vehicle's chassis and allow for controlled wheel movement.
 4. Bushings -Rubber or polyurethane components that cushion and
reduce vibrations between moving parts.
5. Ball Joints- These allow for smooth movement between the
control arms and the steering knuckles.