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Chapter 06

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14 views

Chapter 06

Uploaded by

amenjoshuasinga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 6

Momentum and Collisions


Momentum

 The linear momentum pof an
object ofmass m moving with a
velocity v is defined as the product
of the mass and the velocity
 

p  mv
 SI Units are kg m / s
 Vector quantity, the direction of the
momentum is the same as the
velocity’s
Momentum components
 p x  m v x a nd p y  m v y
 Applies to two-dimensional motion
Impulse
 In order to change the momentum of an
object, a force must be applied
 The time rate of change of momentum
of an object is equal to the net force
acting on it

 p m ( v fi  v ) 
   Fnet
t t
 Gives an alternative statement of Newton’s
second law
Impulse cont.
 When a single, constant force acts
on the object, there is an impulse
delivered
 to the object
 I  Ft

 I is defined as the impulse
 Vector quantity, the direction is the
same as the direction of the force
Impulse-Momentum
Theorem
 The theorem states that the
impulse acting on the object is
equal to the change in momentum
of the object
 
 Ft  p  mv fi  mv
 If the force is not constant, use the
average force applied
Example
Impulse Applied to Auto
Collisions
 The most important factor is the
collision time or the time it takes
the person to come to a rest
 This will reduce the chance of dying in
a car crash
 Ways to increase the time
 Seat belts
 Air bags
Air Bags
 The air bag increases
the time of the
collision
 It will also absorb
some of the energy
from the body
 It will spread out the
area of contact
 decreases the
pressure
 helps prevent
penetration wounds
Conservation of
Momentum
 Momentum in an isolated system in
which a collision occurs is conserved
 A collision may be the result of physical
contact between two objects
 “Contact” may also arise from the
electrostatic interactions of the electrons in
the surface atoms of the bodies
 An isolated system will have not external
forces
Conservation of
Momentum, cont
 The principle of conservation of
momentum states when no
external forces act on a system
consisting of two objects that
collide with each other, the total
momentum of the system remains
constant in time
 Specifically, the total momentum
before the collision will equal the total
momentum after the collision
Conservation of
Momentum, cont.
 Mathematically:

m 1 v 1 i  m 2 v 2 i  m 1 v 1 ff  m 2 v 2
 Momentum is conserved for the system of
objects
 The system includes all the objects
interacting with each other
 Assumes only internal forces are acting
during the collision
 Can be generalized to any number of
objects
Notes About A System
 Remember conservation of
momentum applies to the system
 Momentum is a vector quantity
therefore direction is important
 Make sure you have the correct
signs of the quantities
Types of collisions
 There are generally three types of
collisions namely;
 elastic collisions
 inelastic collisions
 glancing collisions
Types of collisions: Elastic
Collisions
 Both momentum and kinetic
energy are conserved
 Typically have two unknowns
m 1v 1i  m 2 v 2 i  m 1v 1f  m 2 v 2 f
1 1 1 1
m 1v 1i  m 2 v 2 i  m 1v 1f  m 2 v 22 f
2 2 2

2 2 2 2
 Solve the equations
simultaneously
Elastic Collisions, cont.
 A simpler equation can be used in
place of the KE equation
v 1i  v 2 i   ( v 1 f  v 2 f )
Example
Solution cont.
Solution cont.
Types of collisions:
inelastic collisions
 Inelastic collisions
 Momentum is conserved but kinetic energy
is not conserved

Some of the kinetic energy is converted into other
types of energy such as heat, sound, work to
permanently deform an object
Types of collisions:
perfectly inelastic collision
 In a perfectly inelastic collision,
momentum is conserved, kinetic
energy is not.
 After the collisions, the objects
stick together and move with a
common velocity
 Not all of the KE is necessarily lost
Types of collisions: Perfectly
Inelastic
 Conservation of
momentum
becomes

m 1 v 1i  m 2 v 2 i  ( m 1  m 2 ) v f
Problem Solving for One -
Dimensional Collisions
 Coordinates: Set up a coordinate
axis and define the velocities with
respect to this axis
 It is convenient to make your axis
coincide with one of the initial
velocities
 Diagram: In your sketch, draw all
the velocity vectors and label the
velocities and the masses
Problem Solving for One -
Dimensional Collisions, 2
 Conservation of Momentum:
Write a general expression for the
total momentum of the system
before and after the collision
 Equate the two total momentum
expressions
 Fill in the known values
Problem Solving for One -
Dimensional Collisions, 3
 Conservation of Energy: If the
collision is elastic, write a second
equation for conservation of KE, or
the alternative equation
 This only applies to perfectly elastic
collisions
 Solve: the resulting equations
simultaneously
Sketches for Collision
Problems
 Draw “before”
and “after”
sketches
 Label each object
 include the
direction of
velocity
 keep track of
subscripts
Sketches for Perfectly
Inelastic Collisions
 The objects stick
together
 Include all the
velocity directions
 The “after”
collision combines
the masses
Glancing Collisions
 For a general collision of two objects in
three-dimensional space, the
conservation of momentum principle
implies that the total momentum of the
system in each direction is conserved
 m 1v 1ix  m 2 v 2 ix  m 1v 1f x  m 2 v 2 f x and
m 1v 1iy  m 2 v 2 iy  m 1v 1f y  m 2 v 2 f y
 Use subscripts for identifying the object,
initial and final velocities, and components
Glancing Collisions

 The “after” velocities have x and y


components
 Momentum is conserved in the x direction and
in the y direction
 Apply conservation of momentum separately
to each direction
Example
Solution
Solution cont.
Solution cont.
Solution cont.
Problem Solving for Two-
Dimensional Collisions
 Coordinates: Set up coordinate
axes and define your velocities
with respect to these axes
 It is convenient to choose the x- or y-
axis to coincide with one of the initial
velocities
 Draw: In your sketch, draw and
label all the velocities and masses
Problem Solving for Two-
Dimensional Collisions, 2
 Conservation of Momentum: Write
expressions for the x and y components
of the momentum of each object before
and after the collision
 Write expressions for the total
momentum before and after the
collision in the x-direction and in the y-
direction
Problem Solving for Two-
Dimensional Collisions, 3
 Conservation of Energy: If the
collision is elastic, write an
expression for the total energy
before and after the collision
 Equate the two expressions
 Fill in the known values
 Solve the quadratic equations

Can’t be simplified
Problem Solving for Two-
Dimensional Collisions, 4
 Solve for the unknown quantities
 Solve the equations simultaneously
 There will be two equations for
inelastic collisions
 There will be three equations for
elastic collisions

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