SOCIOLINGUISTICS

I. A Brief History of Sociolinguistics.

II. Sociolinguistics as a scientific discipline.
III. Core points of sociolinguistics.
IV. The main sections of sociolinguistics.
 WHAT IS MEANT BY……………………………..
 “Our language is the reflection of ourselves. A language is an
exact reflection of the character and growth of its speakers.” –
Cesar Chavez

 “Language is the mirror of society.” — Ayn Rand

 “Language,even more than color, defines who you are to

people.” — Trevor Noah
 A man’s language is a reflection of his mind.” — Seneca
Language is Portrait of a Speaker
 SOCIOLINGUISTICS

SOCIOLINGUISTICS is the study of the way language is affected
by differences in social class, region, sex, etc.
( Oxford Learner's Dictionaries)
 SOCIOLINGUISTICS is the study of how language is used by
different groups in society.(Cambridge Dictionary)

 Sociolinguistics is the branch of linguistics that analyzes the

effects of social and cultural factors within a speech community
upon its language patterns. (Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 4th Edition).

 SOCIOLINGUISTICS is the study of linguistic behavior as

determined by sociocultural factors.( Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary)
 SOCIOLINGUISTICS
Sociolinguistics is usually defined as a branch
of linguistics that studies the relationship
between language and the social conditions of
its existence. Along with the term
"sociolinguistics" there are the terms "social
linguistics" and "sociology of language".
 Language Functioning Social Conditions

I. The problem of the relationship between language and

society has always interested scientists. The diverse use of
the language by people of different social groups, ages,
professions has been known for a long time.
The social varieties
of one particular language are that there is a difference
between the language of rural residents and the language of
townspeople, the language of young people and the
language of older generations, the language of men and the
language of women.
 History of Sociolinguistics
 Thomas Hodson (1871-1953) was the first to use this term in his
article Sociolinguistics in India published in 1939 in the
ethnographic journal Man in India [Hodson 1939, 39]. The
famous American linguist Eugene Nida used this term in 1949
[Nida 1949].
 However, the first use of this term is usually attributed to the
American sociologist G. Currie, whose article appeared only in
1952 [Currie 1952]. This fact does not mean, however, that there
were no sociolinguistic studies before that. Until the middle of
the 20th century, research on the relationship between language
and society was carried out in four recognized centers:
 French sociological school
One of the most important sources of modern
sociolinguistics is the works of representatives of
the sociological direction in French linguistics.
A significant contribution to the identification
of the role of social factors in the development of
language was made by the student of
F. de Saussure, French linguist Antoine
Meillet (1866-1936)
 French sociological school
 Another student of F. de Saussure, the Swiss linguist Charles
Bally (1865-1947), expressed the idea that all language means
are distributed over the spheres of communication, which, in
turn, are largely socially conditioned. Distribution by spheres
of communication is reflected in the term "functional style",
which is understood as a kind of historically developed
system of linguistic units serving one or another significant
sphere of communication in human society. These functional
styles are scientific style, business communication style,
journalistic, conversational, artistic style.
 Prague School of Functional Linguistics
 Scientists of the Prague linguistic school made the idea of
language differentiation dependent on the social status of its
speakers. Prague linguists paid special attention to the study
of sociolects, that is, the peculiarities of the functioning of
the language inherent in representatives of a particular social
group. After all, each social group, in one way or another,
creates its own special language, thanks to which it is
possible to distinguish the representative of this group from
the “alien”. Thus, individual social groups ca n create their
own secret languages (argo).
 Sociolinguistic research in the United States
 The emergence of sociolinguistics in the United States was facilitated,
first of all, by the ethnic situation in American cities and the
relationship between the indigenous black and white population of the
country. The famous American linguist William Labov (1927), while
explaining linguistic changes, emphasized the need to take into
account the impact of sociolinguistic factors: age, gender, education
level, profession, ethnicity.
 American sociolinguists strove to study the variability of language
from the point of view of the social conditioning of the division of
language into numerous variants. The methodology developed by W.
Labov made it possible to establish a correlation between the
variability of linguistic means used by the linguistic community and
the social structure of society.
 Sociolinguistics in the USSR
 In the USSR, sociolinguistic research concerned, first of all, the territorial and social
differentiation of the language (the study of dialects, jargons, argot, etc.), as well as
linguistic changes that occurred after the revolution and other great social events.
 Sergey Kartsevsky (1884-1955) in 1923 published a large brochure Language, War and
Revolution [1923], which analyzes, first of all, the changes in the lexical structure that
have occurred in the Russian language since 1914 to 1920. Rozalia Shor (1994–1939)
published in 1926 the book Language and Society [1926], which contained in an
accessible form the achievements in the field of the sociology of language.
 Afanasy Selishchev (1886–1942) wrote the still topical book The Language of the
Revolutionary Era [1928], which shows the connection between social and linguistic
processes.
 Evgeny Livanov (1891-1938) is known in sociolinguistics as a practicing scientist who
used his scientific knowledge in the field of language policy. He is the founder of the
standard alphabet of the Yakut, Uzbek and Azerbaijani languages. His most famous
sociolinguistic work was the collection For Marxist Linguistics
 Sociolinguistics in the USSR

 Aleksandr Larin (1893-1964) - one of the largest Soviet sociolinguists, whose

works on the language of the city [Larin 1928a, 1928b], thieves' argo [Larin
1931], dialectology [Larin 1938], largely laid the foundations for the
development of sociolinguistics in the USSR.
 Viktor Zhirmunsky (1891-1971) is known not only as a prominent Germanist
and literary critic, but also as the author of works on sociolinguistics and
fundamental research on German dialectology. He considered the main
problems of studying social linguistics: “1) social differentiation of class
society at a certain stage of its historical development ...; 2) the process of
social development of language, its history as a social phenomenon (socially
differentiated) ”[Zhirmunsky 1976, 242]. His largest works on
sociolinguistics are the books National Language and Social Dialects
[Zhirmunsky 1936], and German Dialectology [Zhirmunsky 1956].
 AGE & LANGUAGE
 Age is a significant sociolinguistic variable, as different generations often have
distinct speech patterns, vocabulary, and even grammatical constructions.
 Young People: Teens and young adults may use more slang, abbreviations, and
informal language, especially in digital communication. For instance, terms like "lit,"
"savage," or "fam" are often used by younger generations.
 Example: "That party was so lit! We had such a good time."
 Older Adults: Older generations may use more formal speech, avoid slang, and
utilize more traditional expressions.
 Example: "It was a delightful evening. The guests were most gracious."
 Children: Young children typically use simpler syntax and vocabulary, and may use
less complex grammar structures.
 Example: "I want the red one!" (instead of "I would prefer the red one.")
 Gender
 Gender influences language in both overt and subtle ways. Social norms and expectations
shape how men and women are expected to speak, which can affect vocabulary, tone, and
even sentence structure.
 Women may use more polite forms of speech, hedging, and indirect language to avoid
confrontation and to be perceived as more cooperative.
 Example: "I was wondering if you could possibly help me with this?"
 Men, depending on cultural expectations, may use more direct, assertive language.
 Example: "Can you help me with this?"
 Gender-neutral language: Some speakers may use gender-neutral language to avoid
reinforcing traditional gender binaries.
 Example: "They are a great teacher" (using 'they' as a singular pronoun to refer to
someone whose gender is unknown or non-binary).
 Speech patterns and stereotypes: In some contexts, women are socialized to speak more
collaboratively, while men are encouraged to speak in more competitive or authoritative
ways.
 Social Status

 The social status of a speaker, which may include factors such as

socioeconomic class, education level, and profession, influences language use
significantly.
 Higher Social Status: People from higher social classes or those with higher
education levels may use more formal language, complex vocabulary, and
adhere to standard grammar rules. They might avoid regional slang or
nonstandard forms of speech.
 Example: "I would appreciate it if you could provide me with more
information regarding this matter."
 Lower Social Status: Individuals from working-class backgrounds may use
regional dialects, slang, or informal speech. Their language may reflect more
colloquial or non-standard forms, which can vary greatly depending on the
region. Example: "I ain't got no time for that."
 Professional Context and Code-switching

In professional settings, language tends to become more formal, with
the use of jargon specific to a field. For example, doctors, lawyers, or
academics may use specialized vocabulary that reflects their expertise.
Example: "The patient requires an MRI scan to assess any
neurological abnormalities."
 People of lower social status, especially those from multilingual
communities, may switch between languages or dialects depending on
the context (e.g., from a home dialect to a formal or standardized
language in a work context).
 Modern sociolinguistics
 Modern sociolinguistics is one of the branches of the science of
language, which has its own object of study, goals and objectives.
 The object of sociolinguistics is the use of language by different
people who make up a particular public entity - from a group of
adolescents to an entire class or large social group. All the differences
of these people are taken into account - age, gender, profession, place
of residence, membership in any kind of associations, etc. In this case,
sociolinguists study, of course, not how the language works, but how it
is used by different people in different situations of their real
communication. For sociolinguistics, it is important why these people
use language in such a way, making mistakes, mixing language styles,
knowingly or unknowingly violating accepted linguistic norms.
 SOCIOLINGUISTIC TERMS
 Sociolinguistics as a branch of linguistics uses its own terminology and
terms borrowed from related fields. A
Linguistic community in the most general sense is, of course, a community
of people who speak a given language. However, this definition is not
entirely correct. The linguistic community is not formed by people who
speak the same language, but live in different countries (for example, speak
German and live in Germany, Russia, South Africa or the USA). On the
other hand, representatives of different nationalities living in the same
locality (city, town) and speaking the same language, form such a
community: “A linguistic community is a community of people united by
common social, economic, political and cultural ties and who carry out
direct and indirect contacts with each other and with different social
institutions with the help of one language or different languages common in
this community ”[Belikov 2001, 20].
 Mother tongue and native language
 Mother tongue is the language of the people to which a person belongs,
which s/he learned in early childhood, which s/he used to speak.
 “Mother tongue refers to the first language a person learns at home during
childhood. It is often the language spoken by the person’s parents or
caregivers. The mother tongue is deeply embedded in an individual’s
cultural and emotional identity”.
 Native language, on the other hand, is the language a person is most
proficient in and uses most frequently. It is often, but not always, the same
as the mother tongue. The native language can be acquired later in life
and can change over time due to various factors such as migration,
education, and social environment.
 Ifa person at any age has mastered another language, then it will be the
second language for them.
 Mother tongue and native language (continued)

 InCanada, a person may speak French at home (mother tongue)

but use English at work (native language).
 In multilingual countries like Switzerland, an individual might
speak German, French, or Italian at home and another language
in public settings.
 In the USA …………………
 In Kazakhstan……
 In Russia………………………………………..
 language code
A language code is any socially conditioned means of communication, be it
a language (natural or artificial), dialect (territorial or social), jargon, argot,
etc. A variety of a common code is usually called a subcode; so, within one
literary language, be it Russian, English, German or French, its own subcodes
can be distinguished: territorial dialects, urban vernacular, literary language,
social jargons, argot.
“The set of codes and subcodes used in a given linguistic community and being
with each other in a relationship of functional complementarity is called the
socio-communicative system of this community” [Belikov 2001]. Codes and
subcodes have their own functions, different from the functions of other codes
and subcodes, for example, in everyday communication in the street, a person is
more likely to use urban vernacular, which is unthinkable in a situation of
business communication or scientific communication. They don't intersect here.
 code switching
 An important term in sociolinguistics is code switching, which
is understood as "... the transition of the speaker in the process
of verbal communication from one language (dialect, style) to
another, depending on the conditions of communication"
[Belikov 2001, 28]. A person can switch from one code to
another when the addressee changes or his role changes. For
example, speaking with a middle-aged person it is hardly
appropriate to use elements of youth jargon, a person with a
high social status in his circle will use one subcode, among
friends - another. The topic of communication also affects the
choice of code.
 sphere of language use
 The choice of a code or subcode is also significantly
influenced by the sphere of language use, that is, the area
of reality in which people have the same communication
needs and where certain language means are selected.
So, in ancient Rome, Latin was used in legal,
government and military affairs, and ancient Greek
prevailed in science and art.
 The linguistic situation in a given sufficiently large region is
formed by the relations between the components of the
socio-communicative system at a certain stage in the history
of the linguistic community.
 linguistic norm
A linguistic norm is “... a set of rules for choosing and using
linguistic means” [Belikov 2001, 39]. It is customary to call a
literary language normalized. The norms of the language are
changeable, although they change rather slowly along with the
changes taking place in society. At the same time, the norm has a
prescriptive character: it prescribes that one should always say
this, and that should not be said in any case. Not the entire
language is exposed to standardization or codification, but only
the literary language as its most important subcode. The rest of
the subcodes are dialects, jargons, argo, slang, koine, pidgin, the
vernacular such codification is not subject and is called
uncodified.
 Bilingualism and diglossia
 Bilingualism and diglossia are important terms in sociolinguistics.
Diglossia is generally a command of different languages, diglossia can
also be intra-lingual, it is “… possession of different subsystems of one
national language and their use depending on the situation or the sphere
of communication” [2001].
 If individual representatives of the linguistic community speak two
languages, they are called bilinguals, and the very phenomenon of the
existence and communication of such people is bilingualism.
There are three main types of individual bilingualism.
 simultaneous bilingualism,
 successive bilingualism,
 receptive bilingualism.
 types of individual bilingualism
 Simultaneous bilingualism is when person learns two
languages at the same time, with mostly equal emphasis
given to both languages.
 Successive bilingualism is when a second language is
introduced after a first language.
 Receptive bilingualism is when person can understand
two languages but only speak in one. Receptive
bilingualism is not a fixed state; it is often the first stage
of successive or even simultaneous bilingualism.
 main problems of sociolinguistics
 The main problems of sociolinguistics V.I. Belikov and L.P. Kryssin include the
following:
 1. The ratio of language and dialect.
 2. Social differentiation of language.
 3. Social conditioning of language evolution.
 4. Mixing of languages. Pidgin and Creole languages.
 5. Language proficiency as a sociolinguistic problem
 6. The social aspect of speech communication.
 7. Social limitations in the semantics and compatibility of linguistic units [ 2001].
The solution to these problems is reflected in the main sections of this science. The
distinction between synchronicity and diachrony in linguistics, coming from F. de
Saussure, was the reason for the distinction between synchronic and diachronic
sociolinguistics.
 Synchronous and Diachronic sociolinguistics
Synchronous sociolinguistics studies the connection
between language and society at a certain stage of
their existence, without taking into account
development, "in static", that is, on a "synchronous
cut". Most often, such a cut is our time.
Diachronic sociolinguistics deals with dynamic
processes - the study of the history of language in
connection with the history of certain social groups.
 theoretical, applied and experimental sociolinguistics
 The traditional division of many sciences into theoretical, applied and experimental
is reflected in sociolinguistics.
 Theoretical sociolinguistics deals with the study of the most general problems
associated with the relationship between language and society.
 Experimental sociolinguistics is primarily concerned with the collection and primary
generalization of empirical material. Sociolinguistic experiments are aimed at studying
certain features of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar in certain social groups.
 Applied sociolinguistics deals with purely practical problems related to the creation
of a writing system for non-written languages, the development of measures for the
language policy of states, and teaching native and foreign languages. It can be noted
that the tasks of teaching languages are also included in the range of applied problems
of psycholinguistics, however, sociolinguistics takes into account the factors
associated with the social characteristics of the learners.
 macro and micro sociolinguistics
 The distinction between macro- and micro sociological research
adopted in sociology led to the division of sociolinguistics into
macro- and micro sociolinguistics. Macro sociolinguistics, as
the name suggests, deals with large-scale problems relating to the
relationship between language and society, all of the above
problems in sociolinguistics are studied in relation to large
populations of people - ethnic groups, social strata, ethnic
groups.
 Accordingly, micro sociolinguistics is associated with the study
of the relationship between language and society in small
linguistic communities. Such communities can be a single family,
a certain collective - industrial, sports, student.
Conclusion

Sociolinguistic analysis shows that language is not

just a tool for communication but also a reflection of
the social identities and positions of speakers.
Age, gender, social status, and orientations
(professional, sexual…etc.) can all play significant
roles in how we speak, shaping the vocabulary, tone,
and even grammar we use.
These variations serve as markers of social identity
and can affect how speakers are perceived by others.
 List of recommended sources
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[Текст] / Haver C. Currie // Southern Speech Journal, 1952. – 18 (1). – P. 28–37.
 2. Hodson, Th. C. Sociolinguistics in India [Текст] / Thomas C. Hodson// Man in India,
1939. – XIX. – рр. 94–98
 3.Nida, E. A. Morphology. The Descriptive Analysis of Words [Текст] / Eugene A. Nida. –
Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, 1949. – 342 p.
 4.Беликов, В. И. Социолингвистика [Текст] : учебник для вузов / В. И. Беликов, Л. П.
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Мақала жаңа парадигмаларға негізделген интегративті лингвистиканың
Қазіргі
қазіргізаманғы
жай-күйіне лингвистика
арналған. туралы
А.С. Əділова 2019
Қазіргі заманғы лингвистика туралы
Мақала жаңа парадигмаларға негізделген интегративті лингвистиканың
Батыс Еуропа
Мақала елдеріндегі қазақ
жаңа парадигмаларға диаспорасы
негізделген интегративті лингвистиканың
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мақсатыЕуропа елдеріндегі
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Құқықтық қызметті
Құқықтықтану саласын лингвистикалық
лингвистикалық қамтамасыз
қамтамасыз ету – бүгінгі
етудің күннің
маңызы
Құқықтық
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Яковенко
Яковенко Л.К.
Л.К. Речевой
Речевой портрет
портрет профессионала
профессионала (социолингвистическая
(социолингвистическая
Яковенко
практика) Л.К.
// Речевой портрет
Актуальные профессионала
проблемы филологии (социолингвистическая
и лингводидактики: язык,
практика) // Актуальные проблемы филологии и лингводидактики: язык,
практика)
сознание, //этнос,
Актуальные проблемы
культура: Матер. филологии
междунар. инауч.
лингводидактики:
конф., язык,
посвящ. 60-летию
сознание, этнос, культура: Матер. междунар. науч. конф., посвящ. 60-летию
сознание, этнос, культура: Матер. междунар. науч. конф., посвящ. 60-летию
профессора
профессора Н.В.Дмитрюк.
Н.В.Дмитрюк. – Шымкент-Москва:
– Шымкент-Москва: ШИ ШИМКТУМКТУ им.Ясави,
им.Ясави, АИУ,
АИУ,
профессора Н.В.Дмитрюк. – Шымкент-Москва: ШИ МКТУ им.Ясави, АИУ,
2011.
2011. ––С.С. 113
113 121.
121.
2011. – С. 113 121.
Сулейменова
Сулейменова Э.Д.,
Э.Д.,Шаймерденова
Шаймерденова Н.Ж.,
Н.Ж.,Аканова
Аканова Д.Х.
Д.Х.Языки
Языкинародов
народов
Сулейменова Э.Д., Шаймерденова Н.Ж., Аканова Д.Х. Языки народов
Казахстана.
Казахстана. Социолингвистический
Социолингвистический справочник.
справочник. – Астана:
– Астана: Арман-ПВ
Арман-ПВ 2007. –
2007. –
Казахстана. Социолингвистический справочник. – Астана: Арман-ПВ 2007. –
304
304с.с.
304 с.
Шаймерденова Н.Ж. Языки Казахстана: теоретико - методологические
Шаймерденова
Шаймерденова Н.Ж.
Н.Ж. Языки
Языки Казахстана:
Казахстана: теоретико
теоретико - методологические
- методологические
исследования и их практическое применение // Языки этнических групп в
исследования
исследования ииихих практическое
практическое применение
применение // Языки
// Языки этнических
этнических групп
групп в в
контексте языковой ситуации Казахстана: Сб. материалов круглого стола. –
контексте
контексте языковой
языковой ситуации
ситуации Казахстана:
Казахстана: Сб.Сб.материалов
материалов круглого стола.
круглого –
стола. –
Астана, 2007. – С. 9 15.
Астана,
Астана, 2007.
2007. ––С. 9 9
С. 15.
15.
Фоминых А.Д. Язык – индикатор этничности // Языки этнических групп в
Фоминых
Фоминых А.Д.
А.Д.Язык
Язык – –
индикатор
индикатор этничности
этничности // Языки
// Языки этнических
этническихгрупп в
групп
контексте языковой ситуации Казахстана: Сб. материалов круглого стола. – в
контексте языковой ситуации Казахстана: Сб. материалов круглого стола. –
контексте
Астана, 2007.языковой
– С. 204ситуации
– 216. Казахстана: Сб. материалов круглого стола. –
Астана, 2007. – С. 204 – 216.
 Video lectures on Sociolinguistics
 1.Watch the video and answer the questions.
 Introduction to Sociolinguistics: Definition and Scope of Sociolinguistics
 https://youtu.be/Luq8I3iCNMA

 2.Watch the video and answer the questions.

 Sociolinguistics:
 https://youtu.be/42Q6-pQXkzU

 3.Watch the video and answer the questions.

 What your speaking style, like, says about you | Vera Regan | TEDxDublin
 https://youtu.be/jAGgKE82034
 4..Watch the video and answer the questions.

Sociolinguistics - the study of variation in language (by Martin Hilpert)

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYIyMCoIAZY
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!