Goals for Chapter 21

• To study electric charge and charge conservation

• To see how objects become charged
• To calculate the electric force between objects
using Coulomb’s law
• To learn the distinction between electric force and
electric field
• To calculate the electric field due to many charges
• To visualize and interpret electric fields
• To calculate the properties of electric dipoles
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 Introduction
• Water makes life possible
as a solvent for biological
molecules. What electrical
properties allow it to do
this?
• We now begin our study
of electromagnetism, one
of the four fundamental
forces.
• We start with electric
charge and look at electric
fields.
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 Electric charge
• Two positive or two negative charges repel each other. A positive
charge and a negative charge attract each other.
• Figure 21.1 below shows some experiments in electrostatics.

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 Laser printer
• A laser printer makes use of forces between
charged bodies.

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 Electric charge and the structure of matter
• The particles of the atom
are the negative electron,
the positive proton, and the
uncharged neutron.
• Protons and neutrons make
up the tiny dense nucleus
which is surrounded by
electrons (see Figure 21.3
at the right).
• The electric attraction
between protons and
electrons holds the atom
together.
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 Atoms and ions
• A neutral atom has the same number of protons as electrons.
• A positive ion is an atom with one or more electrons removed.
A negative ion has gained one or more electrons.

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 Conservation of charge
• The proton and electron have the same magnitude
charge.
• The magnitude of charge of the electron or proton is a
natural unit of charge. All observable charge is
quantized in this unit.
• The universal principle of charge conservation states
that the algebraic sum of all the electric charges in any
closed system is constant.

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 Conductors and insulators
• A conductor permits the
easy movement of charge
through it. An insulator
does not.
• Most metals are good
conductors, while most
nonmetals are insulators.
(See Figure 21.6 at the
right.)
• Semiconductors are
intermediate in their
properties between good
conductors and good
insulators.

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 Charging by induction
• In Figure 21.7 below, the negative rod is able to charge the metal
ball without losing any of its own charge. This process is called
charging by induction.

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 Electric forces on uncharged objects
• The charge within an insulator can shift slightly. As a result, two
neutral objects can exert electric forces on each other, as shown in
Figure 21.8 below.

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 Electrostatic painting
• Induced positive charge on the metal object attracts the
negatively charged paint droplets.

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 Coulomb’s law
• Coulomb’s Law: The
magnitude of the electric
force between two point
charges is directly
proportional to the
product of their charges
and inversely proportional
to the square of the
distance between them.
(See the figure at the
right.)
• Mathematically:
F = k|q1q2|/r2 = (1/4π0)|q1q2|/r2

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 Measuring the electric force between point charges
• The figure at the upper
right illustrates how
Coulomb used a torsion
balance to measure the
electric force between
point charges.

• Example 21.1 compares

the electric and
gravitational forces.
Follow it using Figure
21.11 at the lower right.

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 Force between charges along a line
• Read Problem-Solving
Strategy 21.1.
• Follow Example 21.2 for
two charges, using Figure
21.12 at the right.
• Follow Example 21.3 for
three charges, using Figure
21.13 below.

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 Vector addition of electric forces
• Example 21.4 shows that we must use vector addition when
adding electric forces. Follow this example using Figure 21.14
below.

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 Electric field
• A charged body produces an electric field in the space around it
(see Figure 21.15 at the lower left).
• We use a small test charge q0 to find out if an electric field is
present (see Figure 21.16 at the lower right).

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 Definition of the electric field
• Follow the definition in the text of the electric field
using Figure 21.17 below.

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 Electric field of a point charge
• Follow the discussion in the text of the
electric field of a point charge, using
Figure 21.18 at the right.
• Follow Example 21.5 to calculate the
magnitude of the electric field of a
single point charge.

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 Electric-field vector of a point charge
• Follow Example 21.6 to
see the vector nature of the
electric field. Use Figure
21.19 at the right.

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 Electron in a uniform field
• Example 21.7 requires us to find the force on a charge
that is in a known electric field. Follow this example
using Figure 21.20 below.

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 Superposition of electric fields
• The total electric field at a point is the vector sum of the fields due
to all the charges present. (See Figure 21.21 below right.)
• Review Problem-Solving Strategy 21.2.
• Follow Example 21.8 for an electric dipole. Use Figure 21.22
below.

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 Field of a ring of charge
• Follow Example 21.9 using Figure 21.23 below.

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 Field of a charged line segment
• Follow Example 21.10 and Figure 21.24 below.

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 Field of a uniformly charged disk
• Follow Example 21.11 using Figure 21.25 below.

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 Field of two oppositely charged infinite sheets
• Follow Example 21.12 using Figure 21.26 below.

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 Electric field lines

• An electric field line is an imaginary line or curve

whose tangent at any point is the direction of the electric
field vector at that point. (See Figure 21.27 below.)

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 Electric field lines of point charges

• Figure 21.28 below shows the electric field lines of a single point
charge and for two charges of opposite sign and of equal sign.

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 Electric dipoles
• An electric dipole is a pair
of point charges having
equal but opposite sign and
separated by a distance.
• Figure 21.30 at the right
illustrates the water
molecule, which forms an
electric dipole.

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 Force and torque on a dipole
• Figure 21.31 below left shows the force on a dipole in an electric
field.
• Follow the discussion of force, torque, and potential energy in the
text.
• Follow Example 21.13 using Figure 21.32 below right.

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 Electric field of a dipole
• Follow Example 21.14 using Figure 21.33.

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