MATHEMATICS IN

THE
MODERN WORLD

STATISTICS
To a student, statistics
refers to the test results
that obtain for all his
subjects.
To guidance counselor, statistics
. IQ scores and other
are
standardized test scores.
Statistics simply means any set
of quantitative or numerical
data.
Statistics (plural form) defined as a collection of
descriptive measure calculated from sample
data according to certain specified procedures.
Example:
Average annual income of 50 families chosen
from a residential area according to certain
statistically accepted technique
The proportion of people based on a surveys of
100 individuals, who refers brand x and y.
Statistics (singular sense) refers to the science which deals
with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of quantitative data.
Applications:
Statistical methods are indispensable tools in many
researches in education, psychology, medicine, business,
agricultural and other disciplines.
 In school, statistics is applied to
formulate policies on admission and
readmission of student, to devise a system
of measurement and evaluation.
In business, statistics enables manager
to make wise decision in the face of risks
and insurmountable uncertainties.
Specifically, statistics is useful in the areas
of finance, production, quality control,
promotion.
Medical researches use statistical tools
to evaluate the effectiveness of some
medical practices in the presentation of
particular diseases and to test the
effectiveness of drugs.
Biologist use statistics to determine the
rate of growth of life expectancy of
certain organism.
Statistics is also a vital tool for behavioral
scientist who wants to determine the effect of
certain treatment or condition to human
behavior.
Example
What is the effect of anxiety on a specific task
performance?
Are children from small families better
achievers than those coming from the large
families?
 Example 2: According to the
consumer reports, there will
be 2.5 problems per one
copying machines reported
during 2019.

Example 1: construction of
table and graphs and
computations of measures
such as averages and
percentages fall within this
area of statistics.
Inferential statistics is concerned with the
formulation of conclusions or generalization
about a population based on an observation
or a series of observation of sample drawn
from a population.
Population also known as a universe, it
means the complete set of individuals,
objects, places, or events under study.
Example: resident of Bislig, the students in
this school, the users of a particular brand of
Activity 1: Justify the usefulness and the
advantages of statistics in each of the
following:
a. Business e. Social sciences
b. Education f. Psychology
c. Economics g. Operations and
d. Engineering administration
 Qualitative vs Quantitative Data
1. Quantitative data
Quantitative data seems to be the easiest to explain.
It answers key questions such as “how many, “how
much” and “how often”.
Quantitative data can be expressed as a number or
can be quantified. Simply put, it can be measured by
numerical variables.
Quantitative data are easily amenable to statistical
manipulation and can be represented by a wide
variety of statistical types of graphs and charts such
as line, bar graph, scatter plot, and etc.
Quantitative data are easily
amenable to statistical manipulation
and can be represented by a wide
variety of statistical types of graphs
and charts such as line, bar graph,
scatter plot, and etc.
Examples of Quantitative data:
•Scores on tests and exams e.g. 85, 67, 90
and etc.
•The weight of a person or a subject.
•Your shoe size.
•The temperature in a room.

There are 2 general types of quantitative

data: discrete data and continuous data.
2. Qualitative data
Qualitative data can’t be expressed as a
number and can’t be measured. Qualitative
data consist of words, pictures, and symbols,
not numbers.
Qualitative data is also called categorical data
because the information can be sorted by
category, not by number.
Qualitative data can answer questions such as
“how this has happened” or and “why this has
happened”.
Examples of qualitative data:
•Colors e.g. the color of the sea
•Your favorite holiday destination
such as Hawaii, New Zealand and
etc.
•Names as John, Patricia,…..
•Ethnicity such as American Indian,
Asian, etc.
 Nominal vs Ordinal Data
3. Nominal data
Nominal data is used just for labeling
variables, without any type of quantitative
value. The name ‘nominal’ comes from the
Latin word “nomen” which means ‘name’.
The nominal data just name a thing
without applying it to order. Actually, the
nominal data could just be called “labels.”
Examples of Nominal Data:
•Gender (Women, Men)
•Hair color (Blonde, Brown, Brunette, Red, etc.)
•Marital status (Married, Single, Widowed)
•Ethnicity (Hispanic, Asian)
As you see from the examples there is no intrinsic
ordering to the variables.
Eye color is a nominal variable having a few
categories (Blue, Green, Brown) and there is no way
to order these categories from highest to lowest.
4. Ordinal data
Ordinal data shows where a number is in order. This is
the crucial difference from nominal types of data.
Ordinal data is data which is placed into some kind of
order by their position on a scale. Ordinal data may
indicate superiority.
However, you cannot do arithmetic with ordinal
numbers because they only show sequence.
Ordinal variables are considered as “in between”
qualitative and quantitative variables.
In other words, the ordinal data is qualitative data for
which the values are ordered.
In comparison with nominal data, the
second one is qualitative data for which
the values cannot be placed in an
ordered.
We can also assign numbers to ordinal
data to show their relative position. But
we cannot do math with those numbers.
For example: “first, second, third…etc.”
Examples of Ordinal Data:
•The first, second and third person in a
competition.
•Letter grades: A, B, C, and etc.
•When a company asks a customer to rate
the sales experience on a scale of 1-10.
•Economic status: low, medium and high.
 Levels of Measurement
Nominal level is the crudest form of
measurement. The numbers of symbols are
used for the purpose of categorizing forms
into groups. The categories are mutually
exclusive, that is, being in one category
automatically excludes another.
Examples:
Sex: M - Male F – Female
Faculty tenure: 1 – Tenured 0 – None-tenured
Ordinal Level is a sort of improvement of
nominal level. Data are ranked from “bottom
to top” or “low to high” manner. Statement of
the kind “greater than” or “less than” may be
made here.
Example:
Class standing: (excellent, good, Poor)
Teacher’ Evaluation: 1 – Poor
2
– fair
3
Interval level possesses the properties of the
nominal and ordinal levels. The distances
between any two numbers on the scale are
known and it does not have a stable starting point
(an absolute zero).
Example:
Consider the IQ scores of four students 90,
150, 85, and 145. Here we can say that the
difference between 90 and 150 is the same as the
difference between 85 and 145 but we cannot
claim that the second student is twice as
Ratio level possesses all the properties of the
nominal, ordinal and interval levels. In
addition, this has an absolute zero point.
Data can be classified and place in a proper
order. We can compare the magnitudes of
these data.
Example:
Age, income, exam scores, performance
ratings, grades of students and tuition fees
are examples of ratio variables.
Summarize the characteristics of the various levels
of measurement.
Table 1.1
Summary Characteristics of the levels of
Measurement
Level of Classify Order Equal limits Absolute
measuremen zero
t
NOMINAL YES NO NO NO

ORDINAL YES YES NO NO

INTERVAL YES YES YES NO

RATIO YES YES YES YES

Activity 2.1
Classify the type of data whether
nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio.
a. Type of blood
b. Height of babies
c. Breed of cattle
d. Consumers’ expenditure
e. Standard of living
5. Discrete data
Discrete data is a count that involves only integers.
The discrete values cannot be subdivided into parts.
For example, the number of children in a class is
discrete data. You can count whole individuals. You
can’t count 1.5 kids.
To put in other words, discrete data can take only
certain values. The data variables cannot be divided
into smaller parts.
It has a limited number of possible values e.g. days of
the month.
Examples of discrete data:
•The number of students in a class.
•The number of workers in a
company.
•The number of home runs in a
baseball game.
•The number of test questions you
answered correctly.
6. Continuous data
Continuous data is information that could be
meaningfully divided into finer levels. It can be
measured on a scale or continuum and can have
almost any numeric value.
For example, you can measure your height at very
precise scales — meters, centimeters, millimeters
and etc.
You can record continuous data at so many different
measurements – width, temperature, time, and etc.
This is where the key difference from discrete types
of data lies.
The continuous variables can take any value
between two numbers. For example, between
50 and 72 inches, there are literally millions
of possible heights: 52.04762 inches,
69.948376 inches and etc.
A good great rule for defining if a data is
continuous or discrete is that if the point of
measurement can be reduced in half and still
make sense, the data is continuous.
Examples of continuous data:
•The amount of time required to complete a
project.
•The height of children.
•The square footage of a two-bedroom house.
•The speed of cars.
Activity 2.2
Identify whether the number obtained in the
following is discrete or continuous.
a. Volume of pail of water
b. Passing rate LET results
c. Weight of grapes purchased
d. Number of pigs sold
e. Frequency of training programs attended
Activity 2.3
How are data classified?
Give examples for each
type or classification.