

CLASS X
 CHAPTER NAME:
 RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT
 (GEOGRAPHY)
 RESOURCES?????
 Everything available in our environment which can be used
to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically
accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable
can be termed as ‘Resource’.
 The process of transformation of things available in our
environment involves an inter- dependent relationship
between nature, technology and institutions. Human
beings interact with nature through technology and create
institutions to accelerate their economic development. Do
you think that resources are free gifts of nature as is
assumed by many? They are not. Resources are a function
of human activities. Human beings themselves are
essential components of resources. They transform
material available in our environment into resources and
use them.
ON THE BASIS OF THE STATUS
OF DEVELOPMENT
 Potential Resources: Resources which are
found in a region, but have not been
utilised. For example, the western parts
of India particularly Rajasthan and
Gujarat have enormous potential for the
development of wind and solar energy,
but so far these have not been developed
properly.
 Developed Resources: Resources which
are surveyed and their quality and
quantity have been determined for
utilisation. The development of resources
depends on technology and level of their
feasibility.
 Stock: Materials in the environment which
have the potential to satisfy human needs
but human beings do not have the
appropriate technology to access these, are
included among.
 For example, water is a compound of two
inflammable gases; hydrogen and oxygen,
which can be used as a rich source of energy.
But we do not have the required technical
‘know-how’ to use them for this purpose.
Hence, it can be considered as stock.
 Reserves are the subset of the stock,
which can be put into use with the help of
existing technical ‘know-how’ but their
use has not been started. These can be
used for meeting future requirements.
River water can be used for generating
hydroelectric power but presently, it is
being utilised only to a limited extent.
Thus, the water in the dams, forests etc.
is a reserve which can be used in the
future.
DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES

DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES
Resources are vital for human
survival as well as for
maintaining the quality of life. It
was believed that resources are
free gifts of nature. As a result,
human beings used them
indiscriminately and this has led
to the following major problems.
• Depletion of resources for
satisfying the greed of few
individuals.
• Accumulation of resources in
few hands, which, in turn,
divided the society into two
segments i.e. haves and have
nots or rich and poor.
• Indiscriminate exploitation of
Need of Resource Planning
 An equitable distribution of resources has
become essential for a sustained quality
of life and global peace. If the present
trend of resource depletion by a few
individuals and countries continues, the
future of our planet is in danger.
Therefore, resource planning is essential
for sustainable existence of all forms of
life. Sustainable existence is a
component of sustainable development.
RESOURCE CONCERVATION
 MEASURES OF RESOURCE
CONSERVATION
 1.Instead of deforestation, representation should keep in mind.
We should take help from the Govt, for plantation programmes.
 Everybody should take part in plantation and care the plant.
 People should at once stop the over utilization of natural
resources instead they must be properly used.
 . We should make habit for waste disposal, compose and to
restore biodiversity.
 . Mixed cropping, crop rotation, and proper use of fertilizer,
insecticide and pesticides should be taught to farmers.
Encourage the use of manures, biofertilizers and organic
fertilizers.
 We should protect wildlife. Though hunting is not allowed even
then the persons are doing so. For this educated young should
teach the lesson of wildlife act.
 We must develop energy saving methods to avoid wastage of
energy. We should remember "energy saved is energy produced
 WHAT IS LAND DEGRADATIO AND CONSERVATION:-
 The change in the characteristic and quality of soil which adversely affect its fertility is called as
Degradation.
 Causes:---.
 A. Over Irrigation responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to
increase in salinity and alkaaaaaalinity.
 B. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and
soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It
retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land.
 C. In recent years, industrial effluents as waste have become a major source of land and
water pollution in many parts of the country.
 D.Overgrazing
 E. Minning
 F.Excessive use of chemicals and ferlitilizers.
 There are many ways to solve the problems of land degradation.
 Measures:-
 A.Afforestation
 B.Proper management of grazing can help to some extent.
 C.Planting of shelter belts of plants,
 D.Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods to
check land degradation. E. Proper management of waste lands,
 F. Control of mining activities,
 F.Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can
reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas.
 HOME WORK
 Explain land use pattern in India and why
has the land under forest not increases
much since 1960-61.
 What is Resource planning? Explain its
Importances.
 What is land degradation? Explain its
measures.
 his soil coveratleast 40 % area of India.
 Occupy the plains ( from Punjab to Assam )
and also occur in the valleys of Narmada
and Tapti in M.P. & Gujarat, Mahanadi in
the MP and Orissa, Godawari in A.R and
Cauvery in T.N.
 This is divided into two types: a) Khadar
( newly formed alluvial soil ) b) Bhangar
(old alluvial soil).
 rich in Lime, Potash and Alluvium
but deficit in nitrogen and humus.
ALLUVIAL SOIL
 Red and Yellow Soils
 Red and Yellow Soils Red soil develops on
crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low
rainfall in the eastern and southern
parts of the Deccan plateau. Yelllow and
red soils are also found in parts of Orissa,
Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the
middle Ganga plain and along the
piedmont zone of the Western Ghats.
These soils develop a reddish colour due to
diffusion of iron in crystalline and
metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it
occurs in a hydrated form.
 ARID SOIL
 Arid soils range from red to brown in colour. They
are generally sandy in texture and saline in
nature. In some areas the salt content is very
high and common salt is obtained by evaporating
the water. Due to the dry climate, high
temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil
lacks humus and moisture. The lower horizons of
the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the
increasing calcium content downwards. The
Kankar layer formations in the bottom horizons
restrict the infiltration of water. After proper
irrigation these soils become cultivable as has
been in the case of western Rajasthan.
 SOIL CONSERVATION
 Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the
flow of water down the slopes. This is called contour
ploughing. Steps can be cut out on the slopes
making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts
erosion. Western and central Himalayas have well
developed terrace farming. Large fields can be
divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow
between the crops. This breaks up the force of the
wind. This method is known as strip cropping.
Planting lines of trees to create shelter also works in
a similar way. Rows of such trees are called shelter
belts. These shelter belts have contributed
significantly to the stabilisation of sand dunes
and in stabilising the desert in
How Does Contour Farming Work?

 Plowing and planting across slope contours create man-

made water breaks that not only allows enough time for
the water to enter the soil, but also to settles the
topsoil without washing it down the slope. On slopes
with no contours, water runoff quickly without the soil
properly absorbing it and carrying the top fertile soil
with it, therefore, leaving a non-fertile land up the
slope. Contour farming also creates water breaks that
reduce the formation of gullies and rills when a place
experiences heavy rains and water run-off which is the
leading cause of soil erosion. For contour farming to be
effective, the resulting curved furrows around the slope
ought to be on equal levels. Contour farming can have
one crop on the farm or a mixture of several crops
through strip cropping.
 Terrace farming is carried out on the
slopes of the mountains. Terraces are
built on the slopes of the mountains to
create flat lands to grow crops. Terrace
farming is useful as it slows down the
speed of water running down the
mountains. This conserves fertile top soil.
 A windbreak is a planting usually made
up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs
planted in such a manner as to provide
shelter from the wind and to protect soil
from erosion. They are commonly planted
in the edges of fields on farms.
 5.VEFETATION AROUND SAND
DUNES
 One way could by building fences to trap
the sand. Another way to stabilize
the dunes is to plant vegetation that
helps to trap and stabilize
sediments. Dune fencing can additionally
trap sand and also reduces reduce
trampling in dune areas.