PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation

by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College

The Lymphatic
System and
Body Defenses

12 PART A

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The Lymphatic System
 Consists of two semi-independent parts
 Lymphatic vessels
 Lymphoid tissues and organs
 Lymphatic system functions
 Lymphatic vessels  transport escaped fluids
back to the blood; prevents edema
 Edema – accumulation of fluid in the tissues
 Lymphatic tissues and organs  play essential
roles in body defense and resistance to disease

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Lymphatic Characteristics
 Lymph—excess tissue fluid carried by lymphatic
vessels
 Fluid leaks out of capillaries and into tissue
spaces  becomes interstitial (tissue) fluid
 Tissue fluid enters lymphatic capillaries 
becomes lymph and is returned to blood through
the lymphatic vessels

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Relationship of Lymphatic Vessels
to Blood Vessels

Figure 12.1

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Lymphatic Vessels

Figure 12.2a

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Lymphatic Vessels

Figure 12.2b

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 Lymphatic Vessels
 Lymphatic collecting vessels
 Collect lymph from lymph capillaries and carry lymph to
and away from lymph nodes
 Return fluid to circulatory veins near the heart
 Right lymphatic duct – drains lymph from right arm and
right side of head and thorax
 Empties into right subclavian vein
 Thoracic duct – drains lymph from the rest of the body
 Empties into left subclavian vein
 Cisterna chyli – collects cloudy (milky apearance),
fatty lymph from digestive organs
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Lymphatic Vessels

Figure 12.3

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Lymphatic Vessels
 Properties of lymphatic vessels
 One way system toward the heart
 Lymph moves toward the heart
 Milking action of skeletal muscle (muscular
“pump”)
 Respiratory “pump” created by the pressure
changes in the thorax during breathing
 Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in
vessel walls
 Similiar to veins – thin-walled and larger lymphatic
vessels have valves
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Lymph Nodes
 Filter lymph along lymphatic vessels before it is
returned to the blood
 Defense cells within lymph nodes
 Macrophages - engulf and destroy foreign
substances & present antigen
 Lymphocytes - provide immune response to
antigens
 Areas of lymph node clusters:
 Cervical lymph nodes (neck)
 Axillary lymph nodes (armpit)
 Inguinal lymph nodes (groin)
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Lymph Node Structure
 Most are kidney-shaped and less than 1 inch long
 Cortex = Outer part
 Contains follicles - collections of lymphocytes
 B cells – form plasma cells which release
antibodies; (humoral or antibody-mediated
immunity
 T cells – perform surveillance (cell-mediated
immunity)
 Medulla = Inner part
 Contains phagocytic macrophages

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Lymph Node Structure

Figure 12.4

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Other Lymphoid Organs
 Several other organs contribute to lymphatic function
 Spleen
 Thymus
 Tonsils
 Peyer’s patches

 All these lymphoid organs contain:

 Reticular cells (provide structural support)
 Lymphocytes

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Other Lymphoid Organs

Figure 12.5

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Spleen
 Located on the left side of the abdomen
 Filters blood
 Destroys worn out blood cells
 Forms blood cells (hematopoiesis) in the fetus
 Acts as a blood reservoir

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Thymus Gland
 Located low in the throat, overlying the heart
 Functions at peak levels only during childhood
 Size decreases with age
 Produces hormones (like thymosin) to program
lymphocytes and help with immune system
development
 Location of T cell (T lymphocyte) maturation

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Tonsils
 Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the
pharynx
 Palatine: near opening of oral cavity into pharynx;
removal is called tonsillectomy
 Pharyngeal (adenoids): near opening of nasal cavity
to pharynx; removal is called adenoidectomy
 Lingual: at base of tongue; only removed if problem
exists such as cancer or tumor
 Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign
materials
 Tonsillitis – inflammation of the tonsils caused by
congestion with bacteria
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Peyer’s Patches
 Found in the wall of the small intestine
 Resemble tonsils in structure
 Capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine

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Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
 Includes
 Peyer’s patches
 Tonsils
 Other small accumulations of lymphoid tissue
 Acts as a sentinel (guard) to protect respiratory
and digestive tracts

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Immune System

Figure 12.6

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Adaptive Defense System: Third Line of Defense
 Types of Immunity
 Humoral immunity = antibody-mediated
immunity
 Provided by antibodies present in body
fluids
 Cellular immunity = cell-mediated immunity
 Lymphocytes defend the body
 Target virus-infected cells, cancer cells,
and cells of foreign grafts

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Lymphocyte Differentiation and Activation
Lymphocytes destined to become T cells
migrate from bone marrow to the thymus
Bone marrow
and develop immunocompetence there.
B cells develop immuno-competence in
the bone marrow.
Immature
Circulation lymphocytes After leaving the thymus or bone marrow
in blood as naive immunocompetent cells,
lymphocytes “seed” the infected
Thymus connective tissues (especially lymphoid
Bone marrow
tissue in the lymph nodes), where the
antigen challenge occurs and the
lymphocytes become fully activated.

Activated (mature) lymphocytes circulate

Immunocompetent, continuously in the bloodstream and
but still naive, Lymph nodes
lymph, and throughout the lymphoid
lymphocytes and other
organs of the body.
migrate via blood lymphoid tissues

Mature KEY:
immunocompetent Site of lymphocyte origin
B and T cells
recirculate in and Sites of development of
blood and lymph immunocompetence as B
or T cells; primary lymphoid organs
Site of antigen challenge and final
differentiation to mature B and T cells
Figure 12.11

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Humoral Immune Response
Primary Response Antigen
(initial encounter Antigen binding
with antigen) to a receptor on a
specific B cell
(lymphocyte)
Proliferation to (B cells with
form a clone non-complementary
B lymphoblasts receptors remain
inactive)

Plasma Memory
cells B cell
Secreted Subsequent challenge
antibody by same antigen
molecules

Secondary Response Clone of cells

(can be years later) identical to
ancestral cells

Plasma
cells

Secreted
antibody Memory
molecules B cells
Figure 12.12

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Types of Acquired Immunity

Figure 12.14

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Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response

Figure 12.17

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Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response

Figure 12.18

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