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28 views18 pages

Topic 3

Uploaded by

bhattibaba118
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Acknowledgement

of Country
We acknowledge the Binjareb people of the Noongar nation as
the traditional custodians of this country and its waters and that
Murdoch University stands on Noongar country.

We pay our respects to Noongar elders, past and present and


acknowledge their wisdom and advice in teaching and cultural
knowledge activities.
COVID-19
student protocols.
Personal If you’re unwell don’t come
Visit MyMurdoch Student Portal to stay up-to-date. to campus. Stay home, get
Health tested and see a doctor.

If you’re diagnosed with


Please wipe down all
Computer COVID-19 or have been in close

Labs
surfaces after you have Reporting contact with a confirmed case,
used them. stay home and let your unit
coordinator know.

Be kind, respectful and


Behaviour supportive to people in Physical Stay 1.5 metres apart
at all other times.
our University community. Distancing

Leave space for people Wash your hands with


Entering soap and water regularly,
+ Exiting
when entering and Hygiene and cough and sneeze
leaving buildings.
into your elbow.
ICT615
Information Technology Research
Methods

Topic 3
Scientific thinking
Readings and resources

Required reading:
• Cooper, D. & Schindler (2001) Ch 2 – Addressing Management Problems with
Scientific Thinking. In Business Research Methods (pp28-56). NY: McGraw-Hill
Irwin.
Other resources:
• Davis, D., & Cosenza, R. (1985). Scientific Inquiry. In Business Research for
Decision Making (pp18-31). Boston: PWS-Kent

4
Learning objectives

After completing this topic you should be able to:


• Define and use the following terms that are needed to discuss and formulate
research:
o Variable (independent and dependent)
o Hypothesis
o Theory
o Model
• Formulate research questions and hypotheses

5
Research process - revision

6
Research problem definition
The way in which the problem to be investigated in a
research project can differ – but starting with a research
question is good practice. For example:
• What factors influence a user’s security behaviour?
• Why are users vulnerable to phishing attacks?
If there isn’t an explicit research question there should be a
clear research aim or objective established. For
example:
• To find an effective way to train people to identify and
avoid phishing web sites.

7
Research problem definition

If the research is explanatory research (i.e. trying to establish cause and effect)
then in addition to research questions the problem definition may include:
• Variables
• Hypotheses
• Theories
• Models

8
Variables

A variable is something that can take on different values and is used to represent
the concepts of interest in the research problem. For example:
• Processor speed
• Ease of use
• Transmission rate
• User satisfaction
When research design is created need operational definitions of variables- e.g. if
a variable is "weight", the operational definition could be "weight in grams
measured on a scale".

9
Hypotheses

A hypothesis is a statement about the relationships between variables. For


example:
H1: System quality positively affects user satisfaction with the system
H2: The perceived threat severity of an outdated browser will influence a user’s intention to update
the browser

Hypotheses are usually derived from, and justified by, the literature that has been
reviewed

10
Hypotheses

The relationships in a hypothesis specify:


• How the value of one variable changes in relation to another
• May be either positive, negative, or the variables may have no relationship to
one another
To be useful a hypothesis must be testable - it must be possible to disprove the
hypothesis via testing

11
Independent and dependent variables

An independent variable affects one or more dependent


variables
A dependent variable changes as a result of changes to
the independent variable
Dependent
Independen variable
For example: t variable

H2: System quality affects user satisfaction with a


system positively.

12
Types of hypotheses

Examples of types of hypothesis:


• Non-directional: There are gender differences in levels of internet use
• Directional: Males have higher levels of internet use than females
• Null: There are no gender differences in levels of internet use

Question:
1)What are the independent and dependent variables for these hypotheses?
2) What can be operational definitions for these variables?

13
Theories and models

A theory is an interrelated set of statements of


relationship whose purpose is to explain and predict.
A model represents a situation or a system and is used to
help understand it.

•Question: Can you think of any examples of theories


or models from ICT research?
See https://is.theorizeit.org/wiki/Main_Page for examples
of theories and models used in IS research

14
Example
Technology Acceptance Model (Davis, 1989)
Perceived
Usefulness

Attitude Behavioural Actual


External
Toward Intention System
Variables
Using to Use Use

Perceived
Ease of Use

Question: What hypotheses are associated with this


theory/model?
Reference: Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and 15
user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-339
Some terms used in research

Variable
Variable Hypothesis Relationship
Relationship

Operational
Operational
Model
Model definition
definition
Terms
Terms used
used
in
in research
research
Theory Research
Theory
aim/objective

Research
Research
question
question
16
Learning objectives revisited

• What is a variable?
• How do independent and dependent variables differ?
• What is a hypothesis?
• What is a theory?
• What is a model?
• Can you generate a hypothesis based on a research
question?

17
Thank you

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