University of Dar es

Salaam
CS 151: Computer
Organization and Architecture I

Peripheral Devices

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 Peripheral Device
• Is the device which provides input/output
functions for a computer and serves as an
auxiliary computer device without computing-
intensive functionality.
• Classified into 3 basic categories which are:
– Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse, scanner,
microphone etc.
– Output Devices: Monitors, headphones, printers
etc.
– Storage Devices: Hard disk, magnetic tape, Flash 2
Input and Output devices

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 Input and Output devices
• A computer's Input/output organization depends upon the
computer's size and the peripherals connected to it.

• The I/O Subsystem of the computer, provides an efficient

mode of communication between the central system and the
outside environment

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 External Devices
• Human readable
– Screen, printer, keyboard
• Machine readable
– Monitoring and control
• Communication: typically serve for both input
and output.
– Modem
– Network Interface Card (NIC)

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External Device Block Diagram

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 Advantage of Peripherals Devices

• It is helpful for taking input very easily.

• It is also provided a specific output.
• It has a storage device for storing information
or data
• It also improves the efficiency of the system.

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 Interfaces
• Interface is a shared boundary between two
separate components of the computer system
which can be used to attach two or more
components to the system for communication
purposes.
• There are two types of interface:
1. I/O Interface
2. CPU Interface

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 1. Input-Output Interface
• Interfacing with CPU.
– A computer system has special hardware components
between the CPU and peripherals to control or manage the
input-output transfers.
– These components are called input-output interface
units because they provide communication links between the
processor bus and peripherals.
– They provide a method for transferring information between
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internal systems and input-output devices.
 2. CPU Interface
• Personal reading!
– Discuss the features of it
– How it looks like in the form of a diagram
– Submit before 1100 A.M via LMS with a PDF doc

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 I/O Steps
• Steps for I/O:
1. CPU checks I/O module device status
2. I/O module returns status
3. If ready, CPU requests data transfer
4. I/O module gets data from device
5. I/O module transfers data to CPU

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 I/O Module
• Personal reading!
– What is I/O module
– The functions of I/O module
– Features and the block diagram
– Submit before 1100 A.M via LMS

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 System Buses
• A bus is a common electrical pathway between
multiple devices.
• One or several buses can be used in a
computer system to interconnect CPU, memory,
and devices.
• A system bus typically consists of 50-100 separate
lines. They can be classified into three functional
groups:
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 System Buses Lines
• Data lines provide a path for moving data between
system components.
– The width of the data bus: 8, 16, 32 lines.
• Address lines are used to designate the source or
destination of data.
– The width of the address bus determines the maximum
memory size which can be addressed.
• Control lines are used to control bus access,
synchronize operations, and propagate commands
throughout the system.
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System Buses

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System Buses

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 System Buses

• The major difference between Address Bus,

Control Bus, and Data Bus is that

– address bus identifies the source or destination of
data,
– data bus used to carry data signals while
– the control bus controls the signals among devices.
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Computer System Bus Functions

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 Operations
• Address bus - carries memory addresses from the
processor to other components such as primary
storage and input/output devices. The address bus
is unidirectional.

• Data bus - carries the data between the processor and

other components. The data bus is bidirectional.

• Control bus - carries control signals from the processor

to other components. The control bus also carries the
clock's pulses. The control bus is unidirectional.
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 Bus Width
•A bus is a channel over which information flows.
The wider the bus, the more information can
flow over the channel, much as a wider highway
can carry more cars than a narrow one.
– The memory and processor buses on Pentium and
higher PCs are 64 bits wide.
•The address bus width can be specified
independently of the data bus width.
•The width of the address bus dictates how many
different memory locations that bus can transfer
information to or from.
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 Bus Speed
• The speed of the bus reflects how many
bits of information can be sent across
each wire each second.
• This would be analogous to how fast the
cars are driving on our analogical highway.
• Most buses transmit one bit of data per
line, per clock cycle, although newer high-
performance buses
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 Bus Bandwidth
• Bandwidth, also called throughput, refers to the total
amount of data that can theoretically be transferred
on the bus in a given unit of time.

• Using the highway analogy, if the bus width is the

number of lanes, and the bus speed is how fast the
cars are driving, then the bandwidth is the product of
these two and reflects the amount of traffic that the
channel can convey per second.

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Examples of Buses Types

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 Connecting Peripherals
• Various standards for connecting peripherals to
computers exist.
– For example, serial advanced technology
attachment (SATA) is the most common interface,
or bus, for magnetic disk drives.
• A bus (also known as a port) can be
either serial or parallel, depending on whether the
data path carries one bit at a time (serial) or many at
once (parallel).
• Serial connections, which use relatively few wires, are
generally simpler than parallel connections.
• Universal serial bus (USB) is a common serial bus. 29
Computer Cables

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Serial and Parallel Busses

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Computer Ports

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 Assignment
• Form a group of 5 students
• Discuss the Assignment
• Submission on 18/11/2024 via LMS in PDF
format

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 Assignment
• Explain in detail about the following topics:
• Bus Arbitration
• Bus Timing Types
• I/O Modules
• I/O Address Decoding
• Programmed and Interrupt-driven I/O
• Direct Memory Access
• Magnetic disks

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