Unit 4-1
Unit 4-1
PREPARED BY
Dr T CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO, PROF
UNIT - 4
SYLLABUS
Passband Data Transmission: Introduction, Passband transmission
model, Coherent phase-shift keying – binary phase shift keying
(BPSK), Quadrature shift keying (QPSK), Binary Frequency shift keying
(BFSK), Error probabilities of BPSK, QPSK, BFSK, Generation and
detection of Coherent BPSK, QPSK, & BFSK, Power spectra of above
mentioned modulated signals, M-array PSK, M-array quadrature
amplitude modulation (M-array QAM), Non-coherent orthogonal
modulation schemes -Differential PSK, Binary FSK, Generation and
detection of non-coherent BFSK, DPSK, Comparison of power
TEXT BOOKS requirements for all the above schemes.
bandwidth
1. Simon Hakin, “Communication Systems,” Wiley India Edition, 4th
Edition, 2011.
2. B.P. Lathi, &Zhi Ding, “Modern Digital & Analog Communication
Systems”, Oxford University Press, International 4th edition, 2010.
REFERENCES
1. Sam Shanmugam, “Digital and Analog Communication Systems”,
John Wiley, 2005.
2. A. Bruce Carlson, & Paul B. Crilly, “Communication Systems – An
Introduction to Signals & Noise in Electrical Communication”, McGraw-
Hill International Edition, 5th Edition, 2010
3. Bernard Sklar, “Digital Communications”, Prentice-Hall PTR, 2nd
PASSBAND DATA TRANSMISSION
Introduction
Hierarchy of Digital modulation Techniques
Bandwidth Efficiency
PASSBAND TRANSMISSION MODEL
COHERENT BINARY PSK
⟹
1
J=1
J=1 and i=2
For the error of second kind, The conditional probability p 01 has
same value as p10 because signal space is symmetric about
origin.
± √ 𝐸𝑏
i
SBPSK(f)
QUADRIPHASE SHIFT KEYING
In QPSK the information carried by the transmitted signal is contained in the phase.
The phase of the carrier takes one of the four equally spaced values π/4, 3π/4, 5π/4, 7π/4.
The transmitted signal is
region Z1.
Decide that s2(t) was transmitted, if the received signal point falls in region Z2.
The average probability of error in each channel is
In QPSK, since there are two bits per symbol, the transmitted energy per symbol is
twice the energy per bit
The in-phase and quadrature phase components have common psd Esinc2(Tf)
The signal constellation of M-ary PSK is two dimensional. The M message points are
equally spaced on a circle of radius and center at origin
(a) (b)
(a) Signal space diagram for M = 8 (b) Signal space diagram illustrating the
(octaphase-shift keying) application of union bound for octaphase-
shift keying
The Euclidean distance of m2 and m8 from m1 is
Using the equation , the average probability of error for coherent M-ary PSK as
The power spectra of M-ary PSK signals posses a main lobe bounded by well defined
spectral nulls.
The channel bandwidth required to pass M-ary PSK signals (null-to-null bandwidth –
the main spectral lobe width) is
The bit rate
The channel bandwidth in terms of bit rate is
The bandwidth efficiency of M-ary PSK signals is given by
MPSK Receiver
NONCOHERENT BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING – DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING
It eliminates the need for a coherent reference signal at receiver by combining two
basic operations at the transmitter
(1) differential encoding of input binary wave
(2) Phase shift keying
DPSK is considered as non coherent PSK when considered for two bit intervals. The
transmitted DPSK signals will be
Generation and Detection of DPSK
The optimum receiver follows the equation
NONCOHERENT BINARY FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING