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Unit 4-1

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Unit 4-1

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DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

III ECE I SEM

PREPARED BY
Dr T CHANDRA SEKHAR RAO, PROF
UNIT - 4
SYLLABUS
Passband Data Transmission: Introduction, Passband transmission
model, Coherent phase-shift keying – binary phase shift keying
(BPSK), Quadrature shift keying (QPSK), Binary Frequency shift keying
(BFSK), Error probabilities of BPSK, QPSK, BFSK, Generation and
detection of Coherent BPSK, QPSK, & BFSK, Power spectra of above
mentioned modulated signals, M-array PSK, M-array quadrature
amplitude modulation (M-array QAM), Non-coherent orthogonal
modulation schemes -Differential PSK, Binary FSK, Generation and
detection of non-coherent BFSK, DPSK, Comparison of power
TEXT BOOKS requirements for all the above schemes.
bandwidth
1. Simon Hakin, “Communication Systems,” Wiley India Edition, 4th
Edition, 2011.
2. B.P. Lathi, &Zhi Ding, “Modern Digital & Analog Communication
Systems”, Oxford University Press, International 4th edition, 2010.
REFERENCES
1. Sam Shanmugam, “Digital and Analog Communication Systems”,
John Wiley, 2005.
2. A. Bruce Carlson, & Paul B. Crilly, “Communication Systems – An
Introduction to Signals & Noise in Electrical Communication”, McGraw-
Hill International Edition, 5th Edition, 2010
3. Bernard Sklar, “Digital Communications”, Prentice-Hall PTR, 2nd
PASSBAND DATA TRANSMISSION
Introduction
Hierarchy of Digital modulation Techniques

Bandwidth Efficiency
PASSBAND TRANSMISSION MODEL
COHERENT BINARY PSK


1

o Calculate the probability of making an error of the first kind, we not th

J=1
J=1 and i=2
For the error of second kind, The conditional probability p 01 has
same value as p10 because signal space is symmetric about
origin.
± √ 𝐸𝑏

i
SBPSK(f)
QUADRIPHASE SHIFT KEYING
 In QPSK the information carried by the transmitted signal is contained in the phase.
 The phase of the carrier takes one of the four equally spaced values π/4, 3π/4, 5π/4, 7π/4.
 The transmitted signal is

No. of signals M=4


No of bits per signal is n=2 bits

Signal space diagram of QPSK


 Redefining si(t) as
 The two orthonormal basis functions are

No. of basis functions N=2 & N ≤ M


j = 1,2.
 There are four message points and the associated signal vectors are defined by
 Signal space characterization of QPSK

 Signal Space diagram of coherent QPSK system


Error Probability of QPSK

 The received signal is

 The observation vector has two elements x1 and x2 defined by

 The observable elements x1 and x2 are sample values of independent gaussian


random variables and have means and and with common
variance N0/2.
 Decision rule is to decide that s1(t) was transmitted, if the received signal point falls in

region Z1.
 Decide that s2(t) was transmitted, if the received signal point falls in region Z2.
 The average probability of error in each channel is

 The average probability of correct decision is


 The average probability of symbol error is

 In QPSK, since there are two bits per symbol, the transmitted energy per symbol is
twice the energy per bit

 The average probability of symbol error is

 Then Bit error rate of QPSK is


Generation and detection of coherent QPSK signals
Power spectra of QPSK signals

 The symbol shaping function

 The in-phase and quadrature phase components have common psd Esinc2(Tf)

 The Baseband PSD of QPSK signal is


M-ary PSK
 The phase of the carrier takes on one of M possible values of, where I = 1,2,…,M.
 The M possible signals are , i = 1,2,…,M
 The two basis functions are and

 The signal constellation of M-ary PSK is two dimensional. The M message points are
equally spaced on a circle of radius and center at origin
(a) (b)

(a) Signal space diagram for M = 8 (b) Signal space diagram illustrating the
(octaphase-shift keying) application of union bound for octaphase-
shift keying
 The Euclidean distance of m2 and m8 from m1 is
 Using the equation , the average probability of error for coherent M-ary PSK as

Power spectra of M-ary PSK signals

 The symbol duration of M-ary PSK is


 The baseband PSD of M-ary PSK signal is given by
that is
Bandwidth efficiency of M-ary PSK signals

 The power spectra of M-ary PSK signals posses a main lobe bounded by well defined
spectral nulls.
 The channel bandwidth required to pass M-ary PSK signals (null-to-null bandwidth –
the main spectral lobe width) is
 The bit rate
 The channel bandwidth in terms of bit rate is
 The bandwidth efficiency of M-ary PSK signals is given by

 Table below gives values of for varying M.


MPSK Transmitter

MPSK Receiver
NONCOHERENT BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING – DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING

 It eliminates the need for a coherent reference signal at receiver by combining two
basic operations at the transmitter
(1) differential encoding of input binary wave
(2) Phase shift keying
DPSK is considered as non coherent PSK when considered for two bit intervals. The
transmitted DPSK signals will be
Generation and Detection of DPSK
The optimum receiver follows the equation
NONCOHERENT BINARY FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

The Bit error Rate for Noncoherent binary FSK is


END OF UNIT IV

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