CLASSIFICATION

Finding Order
in Diversity
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DEFINE TAXONOMY
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

 Disciplineof
classifying
organisms and
assigning each
organism a
universally
accepted name.TURKEY VULTURE
(Cathartes aura)
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WHY CLASSIFY?
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

1. How do biologists use a

classification system to study
the diversity of life?
to name organisms and group
them in a logical manner.
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WHY CLASSIFY?
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
2. How do taxonomists group
organisms when they
classify them?
Into groups that have
biological significance.
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WHY CLASSIFY?
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

3. How does classification

make life easier?
grouping things makes them
easier to find and work with
3a. What are some things we
classify?
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Phylum
Class
Order
C. ASSIGNING
SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Family
Genus
Species

1. Many organisms may

have several different
common names.
1a.The cougar is also
known as the
mountain lion,
catamount, or puma
…thus the need for a Felis
scientific name. concolor
Photo courtesy Texas Parks
and Wildlife Department ©
2004
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Phylum
Class
Order
ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Family
Genus
Species 2. A Swedish botanist named
Carolus Linnaeus developed
Binomial Nomenclature, a
two-word naming system
for naming all species
on earth.
What do botanists
study?
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Phylum
Class
Order
ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Family
Genus
Species
2a. The first part of the
scientific name is the
genus.
This word is always written
first and capitalized. Homo
sapien
It appears in italics or is
underlined.

Grizzly bear picture is reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWF- World
Ursus
Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved.
www.panda.org. arctos
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Phylum
Class
Order
ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Family
Genus
Species

2b. The second part of

the scientific name is
the species name.
This word is always Homo
written second and is sapien
not capitalized.
It appears in italics or
is underlined.
Ursus
arctos
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Phylum
Class
LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF
Order
Family
Genus
CLASSIFICATION
Species

1. Linnaeus’ hierarchical system

of classification includes
seven levels called taxa.
They are, from largest to
smallest, Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Family,
Genus, Species.
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Phylum
Class
LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF
Order
Family
Genus
CLASSIFICATION
Species

2. The Kingdom is the largest and

most inclusive (includes) of the
taxonomic categories.
3. Species is the smallest and
least inclusive of the taxonomic
categories.
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Phylum
Class
LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF
Order
Family
Genus
CLASSIFICATION
Species

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,

Family, Genus, Species.

More specific

Place the taxa in

the correct level
of the pyramid.

More general
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Phylum
Class
Helpful way to remember
Order
Family
Genus
the 7 levels
Species

 Kings Play Cards On Fat

Green Stools.
 King Philip Came Over For
Green Skittles.
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Hierarchical Classification
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
 Taxonomic categories
 Kingdom King

 Phylum Philip
 Class Came
 Order Over
 Family For
 Genus Green
 Species Soup
BioEd Online
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Phylum
Class
LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF
Order
Family
Genus
CLASSIFICATION
Species

4. The more taxonomic

levels that two
organisms share, the
more closely related
they are considered
to be.
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Phylum
Class
LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF
Order
Family
Genus
CLASSIFICATION
Species
What do the scientific names of the
polar, grizzly and panda bears tell
you about their similarity to each
other?

Ursus Ursus Ailuropoda

maritimus arctos melanoleuc
Pictures reproduced with permissionhorribilis aWide Fund For Nature
from WWF. © 2004 WWF- World
(Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved. www.panda.org.
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Phylum
Class
Order
THINKING CRITICALLY
Family
Genus
Species Organis Cat Wolf Fly
m
Kingdo Animalia Animalia Animalia
m
Phylu Chordata Chordata Arthropoda
m
Class Mammalia Mammalia Insecta
Order Carnivora Carnivora Diptera
Family Felidae Canidae Muscidae
Genus Felis Canis Musca
Specie F. C. lupus M. domestica
domesticus
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Phylum
Class
Order
Family
THINKING CRITICALLY
Genus
Species
1. What type of animal is
Musca domestica? Animal;
2. From the table, which insect
2 animals are most
closely related? Cat and Wolf
3. At what classification
level does the
evolutionary Family
relationship between Level
cats and wolves diverge
(become different)?
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Kingdoms and Domains

Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
The three-domain
system
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

The six-kingdom system

Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

The traditional five-kingdom

system Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

BioEd Online
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Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
 Three Kingdoms
 Biologists have found that the

Archaebacteria are as different

from the Eubacteria as they are
from all eukaryotes
 Thus, they suggest that there are

three kingdoms: Eubacteria,

Archaea, and Eucarya instead of
the traditional five kingdoms
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Phylum
 Archaea Domain: Kingdom Archaebacteria
Class  Archaebacteria inhabit extreme
Order
Family
Genus environments, e.g., hot springs, anaerobic
Species
muds, saline ponds
 They are believed to be primitive bacteria,

possibly similar to life forms of early

evolution
 This kingdom includes thermophilic

bacteria, halophilic bacteria, and

methanogens
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Phylum
 Bacteria Domain: Kingdom Eubacteria
Class
Order
 This kingdom includes advanced bacteria and
Family
Genus cyanobacteria (or blue-green algae). Also known
Species as true bacteria, they are unicellular prokaryotic
organisms. Examples: Include Escherichia coli
(E. coli), Salmonella, Streptococcus, and
Staphylococcus.
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Phylum
Class
 Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Eukarya
Order
This kingdom includes both
Family
Genus
Species unicellular and multicellular
organisms that are nucleate and
possess complex internal membranes
Organisms range from includes

protists and green plants to fungi and

animals
Eukarya may be autotrophic or

heterotrophic
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Phylum
Class
Order
Kingdom Protista
Family  - Kingdom Protista is an artificial grouping of organisms from
Genus
Species unrelated ancestors.
 - classified into three groups based on energy source and
locomotion: plant-like, animal-like, and fungi-like protists.
 - Plant-like protists, like algae, dinoflagellates, and
euglenoids, are photoautotrophs and use chlorophyll for
photosynthesis.
 - Some plant-like protists are locomotory, such as
dinoflagellates causing red tides.
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Phylum
 - Animal-like protists, like amoeba
Class
Order and paramecium, are heterotrophs
Family
Genus
Species
that feed on organic matter and can
locomote using pseudopodia, cilia, or
flagella.
 - Sporozoa, a subgroup of animal-like
protists, are non-locomotory and
include Plasmodium, responsible for
malaria.
-
Kingdo
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Phylum
Class
Order
forming spores and are saprotrophic,
Family
Genus deriving energy from organic matter
Species
through extracellular digestion.
 - Examples of fungi-like protists
include slime molds and water molds,
which are decomposers in their
habitats.
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Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Phylum
Class
Order
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Fungi
Family
Genus
 - Fungi are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms lacking
Species chlorophyll.
 - They may be unicellular (like yeast) or filamentous
(molds).
 - Reproduction occurs via spores and alternation of
generation.
 - Edible examples include Volvariella sp. and Pleurotus
sajor caju (oyster mushroom).
 - Yeast reproduces asexually and is used in food and
beverages.
 - Molds, multicellular with hyphae, form mycelium for
nutrient absorption and reproduce sexually or asexually.
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Phylum
Class
Order
 - Fungi play a crucial role in organic
Family
Genus
matter decomposition and material
Species
biodegradation.
 - Enzymes and mycotoxins can inhibit the
growth of other molds and
microorganisms.
 - Trichoderma harzianum accelerates
decomposition.
 - Penicillium notatum produces penicillin,
an antibiotic.
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Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Phylum
Class
Order
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Plantae
Family
Genus
Species  - Kingdom Plantae comprises
multicellular organisms with chlorophyll
for photosynthesis.
 - Divided into nonvascular and vascular
plants.
 - Vascular plants have tissues to
transport water and food.
 - Examples of vascular plants include
maize, mustard, rose, cycad, ferns,
clubmosses, and grasses.
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Phylum
Class
 - Nonvascular plants include moss,
Order
Family liverwort, and hornwort.
Genus
Species  - Gymnosperms are seed plants with
seeds borne in cones.
 - Examples of gymnosperms include
conifers (e.g., pine trees, cypresses),
cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes.
 - Angiosperms, or flowering plants,
reproduce and develop through flowers
and fruits.
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Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Phylum
Class
Eukarya Domain: Kingdom
Order
Family
Animalia
Genus
Species
 Animals are divided in two major groups,
the invertebrates and vertebrates.
 Invertebrates are those that do not
possess a vertebral column or backbone
while
 Vertebrates are those where vertebral
column or backbone is present.
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Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Invertebrates
Phylum
Class
Order
Family Sponges: Simplest animals (Phylum
Genus
Species
Porifera) with motile young and attached
adults; supported by spicules or protein
fibers.
Cnidarians: (Phylum Cnidaria) possess
nematocysts for defense and prey
capture; examples include jellyfish, corals,
and sea anemones.
Flatworms: (Phylum Platyhelminthes) flat
and ribbonlike; include free-living and
parasitic forms like tapeworms and flukes.
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Invertebrates
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
 Roundworms: (Phylum
Nematoda) cylindrical bodies with
a complete digestive system;
example: Ascaris lumbricoides.
 Segmented Worms: (Phylum
Annelida) characterized by
segmented bodies; examples
include earthworms and leeches.
 Mollusks: Soft-bodied
invertebrates with shells; divided
into gastropods, bivalves, and
cephalopods.
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Invertebrates
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
 Echinoderms: Marine
invertebrates with
pentameric radial symmetry;
examples include sea urchins,
starfish, and sea cucumbers.
 Arthropods: Most successful
animal phylum with
segmented bodies,
exoskeletons, and various
appendages; examples
include crustaceans,
arachnids, and insects.
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Vertebrates
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
(Chordates):
Genus
Species

Fishes: Class Osteichthyes

(bony fishes) and Class
Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous fishes); found
in saltwater or freshwater.
Amphibians: Cold-blooded
animals living part in water
and part on land; examples
include frogs, toads, and
salamanders.
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Vertebrates
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
(Chordates):
Genus
Species  Reptiles: Cold-blooded animals with
adaptations for land living; lay eggs
with protective shells and have
scales; examples include snakes,
lizards, and crocodiles.
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Vertebrates
m
Phylum
Class
Order
(Chordates):
Family
Genus
Species
 Birds: Warm-blooded animals
adapted for flight with wings,
feathers, and specialized
respiratory systems; examples
include penguins, ostriches,
and eagles.
 Mammals: Warm-blooded
animals with mammary glands
and most have hair or fur; give
birth to live young and care for
them; examples include
humans, dogs, and whales.
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Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

THE
END!!!!