Directing

Unit Five
Meaning of Leadership
 Leadership is the process by which an
individual influences a group of individuals
to achieve a common goal.

 How leaders influence others? (why do

people accept the influence of a leader?)

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How leaders influence others?

 Why do people accept the influence of a leader?

 One major reason is that leaders have power.
 Power is the capacity to affect the behavior of
others.
Power is the ability of individuals or groups to
induce or influence the beliefs or actions of other
persons or groups.

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 Sources of power
There are five major sources of power
1. Legitimate power- derived from persons official position.
2. Reward power- derived from persons ability to give
reward and different kinds of benefits.
3. Coercive power- derived from persons ability to punish.
4. Expert power- derived from the followers belief that the
superior possesses outstanding skills, knowledge, and
expertise in certain area.
5. Referent power/ charismatic power- derived from
being admired and liked by others.
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 Authority versus power

Authority Power
 Personal
 Positional
 Broader
 Narrower  Some power change with
position (legitimate, reward,
 Change with the
coercive) some don’t
position change(expert, referent)
 Some power can’t be
 Can be delegated
delegated(Expert, referent)
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Leadership Theories
1.Trait Theory
 Originated from “great man theory” (Leader are
born not made)
 It states that leaders are taller, good appearance,
more self confident…
2. Behavioral Theories
 Studies behaviors that made leaders effective.
 States that leaders have no distinguishing traits.
 Two studies included
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Cont…

A. University of Michigan Studies

In this study it is concluded that there are two
types of leadership styles.
 Job centered- interested on performance
of work.
 Employee centered- interested in welfare
of the subordinate.
B. Ohio State Studies
Identified two kinds of leaders behavior
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 Cont…
 Initiating structure behavior- the ability of leader to
establish well defined pattern and channel of
communication and develop ways of getting the job
done.
 Consideration- the ability of the leader to respect the
subordinates idea and two way communication.
High Most efficient
Leadership style
Consideration
Worst Leadership
Style
Low
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Initiating structure High 8
Cont…
3. Contingency/ Situational Leadership
Theories
It states that successful leadership depends
on the relationship between the
organizational situation and the leader’s
style.

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Leadership styles

Three types of leadership based on the degree

to which managers share decision making
authority with subordinates:
1. Autocratic Leadership style
Characteristics
 manager does not share decision-making authority
 Managers tend to be heavily work – centred,
centred
 placing most of their emphasis on task
accomplishment little on the human elements.
 Managers’ emphasis on close control

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Cont…

 Managers’ willingness to delegate a very

little decision-making authority.
 No flow of information from subordinates
 Sensitivity of managers about their
authority.
 Leader’s assumption that payment is a just
reward for working
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Cont…
2. Democratic Leadership style
Characteristics
 Leaders shares decision –making authority with
subordinates.
 Leaders who have high concern for both people and
work practice it.
 Leaders are not much sensitive about their authority
 participate employees in decision making
 Leaders Appreciate suggestions from subordinates
 Leaders Exercise broad supervision
 Leaders Motivate subordinates with rewards
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Cont…

3. Laissez-faire (free-rein style)

 It is leadership approach in which a manager
develops a frame work for subordinates in which
they can act and leave decision making authority
to the subordinates and remain for consultation.
 It is employed by managers who are basically
uninvolved in the operations of the unit.
 This type of leadership is mostly applied in
organizations with highly skilled and well-
trained professional.
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Cont…

4.Situational leadership style

It is leadership approach in which managers
utilize the combination of the above style
depending on the situation in external
environment.

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Meaning of Motivation

 Motivation comes from the Latin word

‘mover’, which means to move.
 Motivation- is an inner desire to satisfy an
unsatisfied need.
 It is an internal force that energize
behaviour and gives direction to behaviour.

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 Theories of motivation
1.Carrot and stick approach
 “ give carrot for donkey to make go quick and bit
with stick if it refuses to move fast having eaten
the carrot”.
 In an organization, it means that pay adequate money to your
employees to motivate them or to make them work; if they
fail to perform fairly, punish them to work in front of the
worker
Failures of this approach
 Carrot can be obtained without differentiation in performance.
 Stick gives rise to defensive behavior.
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 Cont…
2. Money as a motivator
Money can be used as a motivator in the
following conditions.
 For people who are in low living Standard
 If the amount of money is very
significant
 When the payment is differentiated for
different levels of performance.
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 Cont….
3.Maslow’s Need Hierarchy
 Maslow proposed that motivation is the result of
needs and a human need can be arranged in a
hierarchy.
 According to Maslow human need form a five levels
of hierarchy.

 Maslow believes a satisfied need is not a motivator.

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Cont…
 physiological needs- includes basic needs such as
need for food, cloth, shelter, sex etc.
 Safety needs- are needs to avoid financial and
physical problems.
 Social needs- are needs for friendship, affiliation,
attraction etc.
 Esteem needs-are
needs needs for self respect,
recognitions etc.
 Self-actualization needs-
needs need of accomplishing
something.

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4. Herzberg’s two factor theory
There are two factors
1.Motivator factors- accounts for high level of
motivation.
-Includes factors like nature of the work, work
difficulty, achievement, recognition, responsibility,
work itself, personal growth
2. Hygiene factors- are factors that can cause
dissatisfaction; even these hygiene factors are
addressed people may not be motivated
- Includes factors like salary, job security, working
condition, company policies, quality of interpersonal
relationship among peers, supervisors, subordinates,
etc.
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 Two Factor Motivation Theory
Area of Satisfaction
Motivators
Nature of the
work, work
Exhibit 19.4
difficulty
Achievement Motivators
Recognition influence level
Responsibility of satisfaction.
Work itself
Personal growth

Area of Dissatisfaction
Hygiene
Factors
Working conditions Hygiene factors
Pay and security influence level of
Company policies dissatisfaction
Supervisors
Interpersonal
relationships
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21
UNIT SIX

CONTROLLING
 Definition
 Controlling is the process in which
management evaluates performance using
predetermined standards and in light of the
results makes a decision regarding corrective
action.
 Controlling is directly related to planning.
The controlling process ensures that plans are
being implemented properly.
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The Purpose of controlling

From the major importance of controlling

 Adapting to the environmental change
 Limiting the accumulation of error
 Minimizing costs

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The process of controlling

There are four process in controlling:

1. Establishing performance standards
2. Measuring actual performance
3. Comparing measured performance
against established standards.
4. Taking corrective action.

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Types of controlling
 Controlling will be successful, if
implemented at the right stage.
 Supervisors can implement controlling at
three stages:
1. Before the process begins (feed
forward)
2. During the process (concurrent)
3. After it ceases (feedback)
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