Lesson 1-Introducing Basic

Network Concepts
 OBJECTIVES
• To and
understand
basic
• To and
understand require for
components d data
• communication.
To analyze the function and

• To Acquire knowledge of various

developed for internet.
 Overview
• Introduction to networks.
• Need for networks.
• Classification of networks.
 Introduction to Networks
• A Network: A group of devices that
can communicate with each other over links.
• Each device is called a host. Each
host has a unique address.
• Network is a connection between two or
more devices.
• Which is connected by a communication
links.
• A node can be computer, printer or any
other devices which is capable of sending
and receiving information at each other.
Example:
 INTERNET
• An internet:

each host has an address of the form n/h where

n is the network number and h is the
number of the host on network n.
 Introduction to Networks
• A network consists of two or more entities or
objects sharing resources and information.
• A computer network consists of two or more
computing devices connected to each other to
share resources and information.
• The network becomes a powerful tool when
computers communicate and share resources
with other computers on the same network or
entirely distinct networks.
 Introduction to Networks
• Computers on a network can act as a
client or a server.
• A client is a computer that requests for
resources.
• A server is a computer that controls and
provides access to resources.
 Introduction to Networks
• Data is a piece of information.
• The computing concept ‘hierarchy of data’ is used when
planning a network.
• It is essential to maintain a hierarchy of data to manage
and control resources among computers.
• Network access to data must be evaluated carefully to
avoid security issues.
 Uses of Network
• It is Used for

i) Business Application
ii) Home Application
iii) Mobile Users/ Application
iv) Social issues
v) E-Mail
 NETWORK USAGE
• In the old days, computer systems were highly centralized.
• Now, a large number of autonomous computers are
interconnected to do the job  Computer network  Distributed
systems.
• Computer network v.s. distributed system
– Computer network: a collection of autonomous computers
interconnected by a single technology.
– Distributed systems: a collection of autonomous computers
appears to its users as a single coherent system. Coherence,
model, implementation (middleware).
– Examples: The Internet is not a single network but a
network of networks. The Web is a distributed system that
runs on top the of the Internet.
 Uses of Computer
Computer networks are Networks
collections of autonomous
computers, e.g., the Internet
They have many uses:
•Business (VoIP, data/HW sharing, video conf )
•Home (Web, email, Netflix, games, cloud, social nets)
•Mobile users (maps, AV material, finding restaurants)

These uses raise:

•Social Issues

This text covers networks for all of these uses

From: Computer Networks, 5/e by Andrew Tanenbaum & David Wetherall, Copyright Pearson
 Business Applications (1)
Resource sharing : To make all programs, equipment,
and especially data available to anyone on the network
without regard to the physical location of the resource
and the user. A network with two clients and
one server

You certainly know about clients and

servers. This course is about the
network part.
 Network Usage: Business applications
The client-server model involves requests and
replies.
 Business Applications (2)
Client makes
requests
Server gives
answers

reques
t
respons
e

Other popular uses are communication, e.g., email, VoIP, and e-

commerce

From: Computer Networks, 5/e by Andrew Tanenbaum & David Wetherall, Copyright Pearson
 Network Usage: Business
applications
• Communication : To provide a powerful
communication medium among widely separated
employees.
– Email,
– BBS,
– Video conferencing (QQ, MSN).
• E-commerce :
– B2B,
– B2C.
 Network Usage: Home
applications
• Access to remote information

• Person-to-person
communication

• Electronic commerce

• Interactive entertainment

• Ubiquitous computing
 Home Applications (1)
• Homes contain many networked devices, e.g.,
computers, Internet TVs, smartphones, etc.
• Home users communicate, e.g., social networks,
consume content (Web, music, video,
newspapers, etc.)
• Some applications use the peer-to-peer model in
which there are no fixed clients and servers:
 Network Usage: Home
applications
• Access to remote information
– Access to remote financial institutions.
– Access to on-line and personalized newspapers.
– Access to information systems like the WWW, which
contains information about the arts, business, cooking,
government, health, history, hobbies, recreation,
science, sports, travel, and
• too many other topics to even mention.
• (Some better left unmentioned)
 Network Usage: Home
applications
• Person-to-person communication
– Email
– Instant messaging: chat room
– Using the Internet to carry telephone calls, video
phone, and Internet radio (YouTube)
– Facebook, MSN, QQ, BBS
– Wiki (Wikipedia)
– Tele-learning
Home Applications (2)
Some forms of e-
commerce
 Network Usage: Home
applications
• Interactive entertainment
– VOD (video on demand) , interactive films and
interactive TVs.
– Network game playing
– Maybe a brand new industry based on computer
networking and entertainment
• Ubiquitous computing
– Computing is embedded into everyday life
– Power-line networks
– RFID
 Mobile Users
• Tablets, laptops, and smart phones are popular;
WiFi hotspots and 3G cellular provide wireless
connectivity
• Mobile users communicate, e.g., voice and texts,
consume content, e.g., video and Web, and use
sensors, e.g., GPS
• Wireless and mobile are related but different:
 Social Issues
• Network neutrality – no network restrictions
• Content ownership, e.g., DMCA takedowns
• Anonymity and censorship
• Privacy, e.g., Web tracking and profiling;
terrorists
• Jurisdiction: gambling, porn, political
speech
• Theft, e.g., botnets and phishing
• Incorrect (medical) information and fake
news
• Facebook & Twitter and Russian trolls
 Data Representation
• Information today comes in different forms such
as text, numbers, images, audio, and video.
Text
• In data communications, text is represented as a
bit pattern, a sequence of bits (0s or
1s).Different sets of bit patterns have been
designed to represent text symbols. Each set is
called a code, and the process of representing
symbols is called coding.
• the prevalent coding system is called Unicode,
which uses 32 bits to represent a symbol
orcharacter used in any language in the world.
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
List_of_Unicode_characters ]
• The American Standard Code for
Infor_x0002_mation Interchange (ASCII),
developed some decades ago in the United
States, now constitutes the first 127 characters
in Unicode and is also referred to as Basic Latin.

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
ASCII#ASCII_control_characters ]
Numbers
• Numbers are also represented by bit
patterns.
• However, a code such as ASCII is not
used to represent numbers;
• the number is directly converted to a
binary number to simplify mathematical
operations.
Images
• Images are also represented by bit patterns.
In its simplest form, an image is composed of
a matrix of pixels (picture elements), where
each pixel is a small dot. The size of the pixel
depends on the resolution.
• There are several methods to represent color
images. One method is called RGB,
so called because each color is made of a
combination of three primary colors: red,
green, and blue.
Audio
Audio refers to the recording or broadcasting
of sound or music.
Video
Video refers to the recording or broadcasting
of a picture or movie. Video can either be
produced as a continuous entity (e.g., by a
TV camera), or it can be a combination of
images,
 Data Communication
Data communication are the exchange of data
between two nides via some form of link
transmission medium such as a cable
 Communication Model
• Data communications are exchange of data between
two devices via some transmission medium.
• It should be done in two ways
• Local - It takes LAN Connection.
• Remote - It takes Long distance like MAN & WAN.
• Data should be Transferred in the form of 0’s and 1’s
 Transmissi
Source on
Medium Destination

1) Delivery- The System must deliver the data to the correct

Destination.

2) Accuracy- The System must deliver the data at Accurate way.

3)Timeline - The System must deliver the data at Exact
Time.

4) Jitter - It refers to the variable in the

i) Sender iv) Message

ii) Receiver v) Protocol

iii) Medium
 5.Protocol
5.Protocol Step : 1
Step : 1 4.Message
Step : 2
Step : 2

1. 3. 2.
Sender Medium Receiver
 : It is a device ,
that Sends the information to the Receiver.
: It is a device , that Receives the
information from the Sender.
: It is the physical path between
Sender to Receiver.
: This is the passing Informations.
: It is a set of rules and regulations that “
Governed “ from data communication.
 Data Flow
Simplex:
• Communication is always unidirectional
• One device can transmit and the other
device will receive
• Example keyboards traditional monitors
 Data Flow
Half Duplex:
• Communication is in both directions but
not at same time
• If one device is sending the other
device can only receive and vise versa
• Example: Walkie-Talkies
Sender Reciever
 Data Flow
Full Duplex:
• Communication is in both directions
simultaneously
• Device can send and receive at the same
time
• Example: Walkie-Talkies
 Data
Flow

Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and

full-duplex)
 Protocols
All communication schemes will have the
following things in common
• Sender or source
• Destination or receiver
• Channel or media
 Protocols
Protocols = Rules
It is a set of rules that govern data
communication
Protocols determines :
What is communicated?
How it is communicated?
When it is communicated?
Protocols – Human Communication
Protocols are necessary for human
communication and includes
• An identified sender and receiver
• Common language and grammar
• Speed and timing of delivery
• Confirmation or acknowledgment
requirements
 Protocols – Network
Communication
Protocols used in network communication
also define:
• Message encoding
• Message formatting and encapsulation
• Message size
• Message timing
• Massage delivery options
 Message encoding

Message formatting and encapsulation

Agreed Format:Encasulated the information to identify the
sender and the reciever rightly
Message size
Humans break long message into smalller parts or sentences.
Long message must also be broken into smaller pieces to travel
across a network.
 Message timing

• Flow control.
• Response Timeout
Massage delivery options

Unicast
Multicast
Broadcast
 NETWORK HARDWARE
• Network classification:
– Transmission technology
• Broadcast networks
• Point-to-point networks
– Scale
• Local area networks (LANs)
• Metropolitan area networks (MANs not
Men)
• Wide area networks (WANs)
• Inter-networks ( internet vs. Internet)
 Network Hardware:
Transmission
• Broadcast networks : broadcast networks have a single
communication channel that is shared by all the
machines on the network. There are three addressing
possibilities:
– Unicasting ,
– Broadcasting,
– Multicasting .
• Point-to-point networks : point-to-point networks have
many communication connections between individual
pairs of machines.
 Message Delivery Options
Unicast
 Message Delivery Options
Multicast
 Multicast In Computer Network
• Multicast is a method of group communication
where the sender sends data to multiple receivers or
nodes present in the network simultaneously.
Multicasting is a type of one-to-many and many-to-
many communication as it allows sender or senders to
send data packets to multiple receivers at once across
LANs or WANs. This process helps in minimizing the
data frame of the network because at once the data
can be received by multiple nodes.
• Multicasting is considered as the special case of
broadcasting as.it works in similar to Broadcasting,
but in Multicasting, the information is sent to the
targeted or specific members of the network.
 Message Delivery Options
Broadcast
 I
It Provides a dedicated links between two
devices.
• For example, a wired system that connects two
computers together can be thought of a point-
to-point link.
 It is a link
between two or more devices. It is also known
as Multi- Point configuration. The networks
having multipoint configuration are called
Components of Network

- Which gives the Request.

- Which gives the Response.
- It Indicates Modulator / Demodulator.
- Which identifies the Path between Client
& Server.
-Which overcomes the Traffic problems.
• Data Transmission occurs between sender and
receiver over some Transmission Medium or
Transmission Media.
• Transmission Media may be classified into Two
Types :
i) Guided Media [Wired Technology]
ii) Unguided Media [Wireless Technology]
i) Guided Media (Wired Network)
• In Guided Media Signals are Passed in a
“ same physical path”
• Example:

i) Twisted pair Cable

ii) Coaxial Cable

iii) Fiber Optic Cable

ii) Unguided Media (Wireless Network)
• In Unguided Media Signals are Passed in
the form of “ Electromagnetic Waves”
• Example :

i) Mobile phones
ii) Satellite microwave

iii) Infrared
 Transmission Mode

 It refers to the direction of

information flow between two
devices.
 Data flow is the flow of
data between 2 points.


The direction of the data

flow can be described
as

Simplex Mode

Half-Duplex Mode

 Simplex: Data flows in only one
direction on the data communication
line (medium).
Examples are Radio and Television
broadcasts.
 Half-Duplex: Data flows in both
directions but only one direction at a
time on the data communication line.
Ex. Conversation on walkie-talkies.
 Full-Duplex: Data flows in both
directions simultaneously. Modems are
configured to flow data in both
directions.
Ex. Phone Conversation
 Data
Flow

Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-

 Peer to peer network
• No centralized administration
• All peers are equal
• Simple sharing applications
• Not scalable
 Client Server network
• centralized administration
• Requested response model
• Scalable
• Server may be overloaded
 Network Hardware (1)
• Personal area networks
• Local area networks
• Metropolitan area
networks
• Wide area networks
• The Internet
 Network Hardware (2)
Classification of interconnected processors by
scale.

From: Computer Networks, 5/e by Andrew Tanenbaum &

David Wetherall, Copyright Pearson Education 2011
 Personal Area Network
• Connect devices over the range of a
person
• Example of a Bluetooth (wireless)
• PANs (Personal Area Networks)
PAN:
let device communicate over
the range of a person.
• To connect a Bluetooth mouse,
a Bluetooth keyboard, a
Bluetooth Printer with a
computer.
• To connect a Bluetooth
earphone with a mobile phon
• To use RFID to communicate
with goods.
From: Computer Networks, 5/e by Andrew Tanenbaum & David Wetherall, Copyright Pearson
 Categories or Types of Network
• There are Three Types:
1. LAN - Local Area Network
2. MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
3. WAN – Wide Area Network
1. LAN - Local Area Network
A LAN is Designed by Local Area Connections
such as:
i) within Building
ii) within office
iii) within Campus
iv) within Specific Place
• LANs are privately-owned networks within a
single building or campus of up to a few
kilometers in size.
• LAN characteristics
– The size is restricted  The worst-case
transmission time is bounded and known in
advance  Certain designs are possible and
network management can be simplified.
– Transmission technology high speed 
10Gpbs
– Topology (physical and local): Bus, Ring, Star
(Hub)
 Network Hardware:
LAN
Wireless and wired
LANs. (a) 802.11.
(b) Switched Ethernet.
Advantages :
1) Sharing of Files.
2) Sharing of Programs.
3) Communication Exchange.

Disadvantages :
4) Reliability.
5) Capacity.
6) High Cost.
2. MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a
network that interconnects users with
computer resources in a geographic area or
region larger than that covered by even a
large local area network (LAN) but smaller
than the area covered by a wide area
network (WAN).
 Network Hardware: MAN

• A metropolitan area work, or, MAN (plural: MANs, not

MEN) is basically a bigger version of a LAN and normally
uses similar technology.
• Examples
– One reason for distinguishing MANs as a special
category is that a standard has been adopted for them. It
is called DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus) .
– A MAN can be based on cable TV (See the next slide)
– IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)
• A key aspect of MAN is that there is a broadcast medium to
which all the computers are attached.
 Network Hardware: MAN

A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.

• MAN supports up to 150 Kilometers Distance.
• Example:
 Telephone Network
 Cable TV
Advantages :
1) High Bandwidth.
2) It support Large number of Clients.
3) Reduce the Errors.

Disadvantages :
4) Large Space Requirements.
5) Slower Data Access.
6) High Cost.
3. WAN – Wide Area Network
•WAN Provide a Long Distance Transmission of Data.
•By Using WAN Exchange the Information from one
country to another country.
 Network Hardware: WAN

• A WAN consists of a collection of machines intended for

running user programs (hosts, end systems) and a pure
communication subnet(subnet)
• The subnet consists of two distinct components:
– Transmission lines (also called circuits, channels, or
trunks) move bits between machines.
– Switching elements (packet switching nodes,
intermediate system, data switching exchanges, routers)
are specialized computers used to connect three or more
transmission lines. When data arrive on an incoming
line, the switching element must choose an outgoing line
to forward them on.
Classification by Network
Geography

Wide area network

 Network Hardware: WAN
WAN that connects three branch offices in
Australia
 Network Hardware: WAN
WAN using a virtual private
network.
 Network Hardware: WAN

A stream of packets from sender to receiver.

 Network Hardware:
Internet
• An internetwork ( is互联网
or just internet ) of
a collection
interconnected networks. (internet vs Internet)
• A common form of internet is a collection of LANs
connected by a WAN.
• Differences among WANs, subnets, networks, and
internetworks.
– WAN = subnet + hosts
– Subnet + hosts  WAN network
– Cable + hosts  LAN network
– Many interconnected networks  internetworks.
• Different owners
• Different technologies.
 Networking Devices:
Networking devices are components used to connect computers or
other electronic devices together so that they can share files or
resources like printers or fax machines.
These are also called communicating devices.
The following are the various networking devices.

 Network Interface Card (NIC)

 Repeater
 Hub
 Bridge
 Switch
 Router
 Gateway
 Brouter
 Modem
1. Network Interface Card (NIC):
 NIC provides physical interface between computer and
cabling.
 NIC prepares data, sends data, and controls the flow of data.
 It can also receive and translate data into bytes for the CPU
to understand.
 It has specific MAC address.
2. Repeater :
 A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its task is to
regenerate the signal over the same network before the
signal becomes too weak or corrupted.
 A repeater is a regenerator, OR amplifier the signal.
 When the signal becomes weak, they copy the signal bit by
bit and regenerate it at the original strength.
 It amply the signal ( these signals not only include the
network ).signals, but any noise on the wire as well
 It is 2 port device.
3. Hub :
 Hub works on Physical layer.
 It is a multiport Repeater.
 A hub is device used to connect several computers together.
 Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all
connected devices.
 Also, they do not have intelligence to find out best path for
data packets which leads to inefficiencies and wastage.
• Types of Hub
• Active Hub :- Active hubs use electronics to amplify and
clean up the signal before it is broadcast to the other ports.
• Passive Hub :- Passive hubs simply connect all ports together
electrically and they are not powered.
4. Bridge:
 A bridge operates at Data link layer and Physical Layer.
 A bridge is a repeater, with add on functionality of filtering
content by reading the MAC addresses of source and destination.
 It is also used for interconnecting two LANs
MAC Port
working on the same protocol.
 Bridges can filter out noise. M1 P1
 Bridge maintain the MAC address table to M2 P1
forward the packet to another LAN. M3 P1

• Types of Bridges. M4 P1

Static Bridge: M5 P2
Dynamic Bridge( Transparent Bridge) . M6 P2

M7 P2

M8 P2
•Static Bridge: Dynamic Bridge( Transparent
Bridge) .

MAC Port
MAC Port
M1 P1
M1 P1
M6 P2
M2 P1
M7 P2
M3 P1
M4 P1
M4 P1
M5 P2
M5 P2
M P
M6 P2
M P
M7 P2
M P
M8 P2
4.5. Switch:
 A network switch is a computer networking device
that connects network segments.
 Switch is data link layer device.
 Switch can perform error checking before
forwarding data, that makes it very efficient as it
does not forward packets that have errors and
forward good packets selectively to correct port
only.
 Multiport Bridge
 Full Duplex Links
 Traffic is minimal
 Collision Domain is zero.
• Routers:
 A router is a device like a switch that routes
data packets based on their IP addresses.
 Router is mainly a Network Layer device.
 Routers normally connect LANs and WANs
together and have a dynamically updating
routing table based on which they make
decisions on routing the data packets.
6. Gateway :
 A gateway is a passage to connect two networks together that may work
upon different networking models.
 They basically work as the messenger agents that take data from one
system, interpret it, and transfer it to another system.
 Gateways are also called protocol converters and can operate at any
network layer.

7. Brouter:


It is also known as bridging router is a device which combines features of

both bridge and router.
 It can work either at data link layer or at network layer.
 Working as router, it is capable of routing packets across networks;
working as bridge, it is capable of filtering local area network traffic.
8. Modem :
 Modem means Modulator- Demodulator.
 Modulation : digital information to analog signals.
 Demodulation: Analog signal back into digital information.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Topology
• The network topology
defines the way in
which computers,
printers, and other
devices are connected.
A network topology
describes the layout of
the wire and devices as
well as the paths used
by data transmissions.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Bus Topology
• Commonly referred to
as a linear bus, all the
devices on a bus
topology are connected
by one single cable.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Ring Topology
• A frame travels around the ring,
stopping at each node. If a node
wants to transmit data, it adds the
data as well as the destination
address to the frame.
• The frame then continues around
the ring until it finds the
destination node, which takes the
data out of the frame.
• Single ring – All the devices on
the network share a single cable
• Dual ring – The dual ring topology
allows data to be sent in both
directions.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Star & Tree Topology

• The star topology is the most
commonly used architecture in
Ethernet LANs.
• When installed, the star
topology resembles spokes in a
bicycle wheel.
• Larger networks use the
extended star topology also
called tree topology. When used
with network devices that filter
frames or packets, like bridges,
switches, and routers, this
topology significantly reduces
the traffic on the wires by
sending packets only to the
wires of the destination host.
 Star
Topology
Star Topology Diagram:

A B

Central controller
(or)
HUB

C D
Introduction to Computer Networks

Mesh Topology
• The mesh topology
connects all devices
(nodes) to each other
for redundancy and
fault tolerance.
• It is used in WANs to
interconnect LANs and
for mission critical
networks like those
used by banks and
financial institutions.
• Implementing the mesh
topology is expensive
and difficult.
• Here every device has a direct point to
point link between every other device.
• A fully connected mesh can have n(n-
1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.
if n=5 (Number of Nodes)
5(5-1)/2 = 10 ( Communication Links)
• 5 Nodes are Connected by using
10 Communication Links
 Mesh
Topology
 Mesh
Topology
Advantages:
• It eliminate the traffic problem.
• It is robustness.
• It has privacy and security.
• Fault can be easily found.
 Mesh
Topology
Disadvantages:
• More number of cables to be used.
• Every devices must be connected to some
other devices. So installation process is very
difficult.
 Tree Topology

• Tree topology has some variation from

star topology.
• The nodes in the tree are linked to the
central controller.
• The primary HUB in the tree is represented
by “Active Hub”.
• The secondary HUB in the tree is represented
by “Passive Hub”.
 Tree
Topology
 Tree
Topology
Advantages:
• It allows more devices to be attached in
a single central controller.
• It allows the network to prioritize
the communication.
 Tree
Topology
Disadvantages:
• Each device must be linked centra
to controller. l
• It require more installation processes.
• If central controller failure entire
means system should fail down.
 Need for Networks
• A computer that operates independently
from other computers is called a stand-
alone computer.
• The process of printing or transferring data
from one system to another using various
storage devices is called sneakernet.
 Need for Networks
• Enhance communication.
• Share resources.
• Facilitate centralized management.
 Enhance Communication
• Computer networks use electronic mail (e-
mail) as the choice for most of the
communication.
• By using networks, information can be
sent to a larger audience in an extremely
fast and efficient manner.
 Share Resources
• A copy of data or application stored at a
single central location is shared over a
network.
• Computer peripheral devices, referred to
as additional components, can be
attached to a computer and be shared in a
network.
 Share Resources
• Peripheral devices include faxes,
modems, scanners, plotters, and any other
device that connects to the computers.
• Equipments having common requirements
can be shared in order to reduce
maintenance cost.
 Share Resources
• Important data can also be stored centrally
to make it accessible to users, thereby
saving storage space on individual
computers.
• Computer applications, which take up a
considerable amount of storage space,
can be installed centrally on the network,
saving storage space.
 Facilitate Centralized
Management
• Networks are used to assist in
management tasks associated with their
own operation and maintenance.
• Using networks results in increased
efficiency and a resultant reduction in
maintenance costs.
 Facilitate Centralized
Management
Software:
– Software is a set of instructions or programs
that control the operation of a computer.
– Software can be installed at a central location
using servers, where the installation files are
made accessible over the network.
 Classification of Networks
• Classification by network geography.
• Classification by component roles.
 Classification by Network
Geography
• Networks are frequently classified
according to the geographical boundaries
spanned by the network itself.
• LAN, WAN, and MAN are the basic types
of classification, of which LAN and WAN
are frequently used.
 Classification by Network
Geography
Local area network (LAN):
– A LAN covers a relatively small area such as
a classroom, school, or a single building.
– LANs are inexpensive to install and also
provide higher speeds.
Classification by Network
Geography

Local area network

 Classification by Network
Geography
Metropolitan area network (MAN):
– A MAN spans the distance of a typical
metropolitan city.
– The cost of installation and operation is
higher.
– MANs use high-speed connections such as
fiber optics to achieve higher speeds.
Classification by Network
Geography

Metropolitan area network

 Classification by Network
Geography
Wide area network (WAN):
– WANs span a larger area than a single city.
– These use long distance telecommunication
networks for connection, thereby increasing
the cost.
– The Internet is a good example of a WAN.
Classification by Network
Geography

Wide area network

 Classification by Component
Roles
• Networks can also be classified according
to the roles that the networked computers
play in the network’s operation.
• Peer-to-peer, server-based, and client-
based are the types of roles into which
networks are classified.
 Peer to peer network
• No centralized administration
• All peers are equal
• Simple sharing applications
• Not scalable
 Client Server network
• centralized administration
• Requested response model
• Scalable
• Server may be overloaded
 Classification by Component
Roles
Peer-to-peer:
– In a peer-to-peer network, all computers are
considered equal.
– Each computer controls its own information
and is capable of functioning as either a client
or a server depending upon the requirement.
– Peer-to-peer networks are inexpensive and
easy to install.
– They are popular as home networks and for
use in small companies.
 Classification by Component
Roles
Peer-to-peer (continued):
– Most operating systems come with built-in
peer-to-peer networking capability.
– The maximum number of peers that can
operate on a peer-to-peer network is ten.
– Each peer shares resources and allows
others open access to them.
 Classification by Component
Roles
Peer-to-peer (continued):
– Peer-to-peer networks become difficult to
manage when more security is added to
resources, since the users control their
security by password-protecting shares.
– Shares can be document folders, printers,
peripherals, and any other resource that they
control on their computers.
Classification by Component
Roles

Peer-to-peer network
 Classification by Component
Roles
Server-based:
– A server-based network offers centralized
control and is designed for secure operations.
– In a server-based network, a dedicated server
controls the network.
– A dedicated server is one that services the
network by storing data, applications,
resources, and also provides access to
resources required by the client.
 Classification by Component Roles
Server-based (continued):
– These servers can also control the network’s
security from one centralized location or share
it with other specially configured servers.
 Classification by Component
Roles
Client-based:
– Client-based network servers process
requests from clients and return just the
results.
– These networks take advantage of the
powerful processing capabilities of both the
client and the server.
– Application servers and communications
servers are examples of client-based
networks.
Classification by Component
Roles

Client-based network
Computer networks is set of nodes
connected by communication links
A node can be a computer , printer or any
other device capable of sending
/receiving data generated by other nodes
in the network
Example of nodes
1.Computer
2.Server
3.Printer
4.Security camera
5.Many more (switches , bridges)
Characteristics of Network
3 Common characteristics
1. Size
2. Type
3. Effectiveness

Size:
1.Small Network
• Includes less no of nodes
• Covers small area
Example: PAN(Personal Area Network)
WPAN(Wireless PAN):Bluetooth

2. Large Network
• Includes more no of nodes
• Covers large area
Example: Internet
Types of Networks
1.Wired Network/connection oriented network
• 3 Phases of connection oriented network :
1. Connection Establishment
1. Physical
• Twisted Pair
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber optics
2. Logical
• 3 Way Handshaking
• 4 Way Handshaking
2. Data Transfer
3. Connection Release
• Example : Telephone Network, Cable Network(Dish TV)

2.Wireless Network/Connectionless network

• No connection required
• Contain only one phase : Data Transfer Phase
• Example: Satellite Network, Mobile Network, Computer
Guided Transmission Media

• Magnetic media
• Twisted pairs
• Coaxial cable
• Power lines
• Fiber optics
 Magnetic Media
• Write data onto magnetic media
• Disks
• Tapes
• Data transmission speed
• Never underestimate the bandwidth of
a station wagon full of tapes hurtling
down the highway.
 Twisted Pairs

Category 5 UTP cable with four twisted pairs

Coaxial Cable

A coaxial cable
 Fiber Optics (1)

Three examples of a light ray from inside a

silica fiber impinging on the air/silica boundary
at different angles.
 Fiber Optics (2)

Light trapped by total internal reflection.

 Power Lines

A network that uses household electrical wiring.

Fiber Cables (1)

Views of a fiber cable

 Fiber Cables (2)

A comparison of semiconductor diodes

and LEDs as light sources
 Wireless Transmission

• The Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Radio Transmission
• Microwave Transmission
• Infrared Transmission
• Light Transmission
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
(1)

The electromagnetic spectrum and

its uses for communication
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
(2)

Spread spectrum and ultra-wideband

(UWB) communication
 Radio Transmission (1)

In the VLF, LF, and MF bands, radio waves

follow the curvature of the earth
 Radio Transmission (2)

In the HF band, they bounce off the ionosphere.

Communication Satellites

• Geostationary Satellites
• Medium-Earth Orbit Satellites
• Low-Earth Orbit Satellites
• Satellites Versus Fiber
Introduction to Computer Networks

Network Components
• Physical Media
• Interconnecting Devices
• Computers
• Networking Software
• Applications
Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Media
• Networking media can
be defined simply as
the means by which
signals (data) are sent
from one computer to
another (either by cable
or wireless means).
Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Devices
• HUB, Switches, Routers,
Wireless Access Points,
Modems etc.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Computers: Clients and Servers

• In a client/server
network arrangement,
network services are
located in a dedicated
computer whose only
function is to respond
to the requests of
clients.

• The server contains the

file, print, application,
security, and other
services in a central
computer that is
continuously available
to respond to client
requests.
Introduction to Computer Networks

Networking Protocol: TCP/IP

Introduction to Computer Networks

Applications
• E-mail
• Searchable Data (Web Sites)
• E-Commerce
• News Groups
• Internet Telephony (VoIP)
• Video Conferencing
• Chat Groups
• Instant Messengers
• Internet Radio
 Communication Satellites

Communication satellites, some properties,

including: altitude above earth, round-trip delay
time, number of satellites for global coverage.
Effectiveness: 1. Efficient Network
2. Inefficient Network

The effectiveness of a network is depends

on following parameters
• Delivery is the data reached to
intended Receiver or not?
• Accuracy  is the data reached to
intended Receiver without error?
• Timeliness is the network capable of
transferring the data within time or not?
• Block Diagram of CN: Five Components
1.Sender
2.receiver
3.Message
4.Medium
5.Protocol
Introduction to Computer Networks

Computer Networks
• Computer network
connects two or more
autonomous computers.

• The computers can be

geographically located
anywhere.
Introduction to Computer Networks

LAN, MAN & WAN

• Network in small geographical Area (Room, Building
or a Campus) is called LAN (Local Area Network)

• Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan Area

Network)

• Network spread geographically (Country or across

Globe) is called WAN (Wide Area Network)
Introduction to Computer Networks

Applications of Networks
• Resource Sharing
• Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
• Software (application software)
• Information Sharing
• Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
• Search Capability (WWW)
• Communication
• Email
• Message broadcast
• Remote computing
• Distributed processing (GRID Computing)
 Summary
• The basic purpose of networks is to
enable effective communication, share
resources, and facilitate centralized
management of data.
• Networks can be classified according to
their geographical boundaries or their
component roles.
 Summary
• A network consists of two or more entities
sharing resources and information.
• A computer network consists of two or
more computers that are connected and
are able to communicate.