UNITED GROUP OF INSTITUTION

Foundation Classes
Academic Session - 2022-2023
Department of Electronics and communication Engineering

Presented By:
S.P.SINGH
(UCER)
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
The Electronics materials can be classified in two ways,
1.On the basis of their conductivity
2.On the basis of Forbidden Energy gap
 On the Basis of Their Conductivity
On the basis this the materials are classified into three parts
1.Conductors
2.Insulators
3.Semiconductors
 On the Basis of Their Conductivity
CONDUCTORS: conductors are those materials which allow very
easy path for the movement of electricity.
Their conductivity ranges is lies between 104 to 107 ohm–1 m–1.
Examples: silver,copper,gold,aluminum,iron,steel,brass, bronze etc.
 On the Basis of Their Conductivity
INSULATORS: insulators are those materials which allow very
high resistive path for the movement of electricity.
The conductivity of insulators ranges between 10-10 to 10-
20
(Ω-m)-1 .
Example : Rubber,Glass,Pure water,Oil,Air.
 On the Basis of Their Conductivity
SEMICONDUCTORS: semiconductors are those materials whose
conductivity lies between conductors and insulator. The
Conductivity of semiconductors range from10-6 to 104 (Ω-m)-1
Examples: Silicon(Si) , Germanium(Ge) etc.
 On the basis of forbidden energy gap
Forbidden Energy gap: The minimum energy gap between
Valence band and Conduction band is known as Forbidden
Energy gap.
 On the basis of forbidden energy gap
On the basis of forbidden energy gap the materials are
classified into following three parts.
1.Conductors
2.Semiconductors
3.Insulators
On the basis of forbidden energy gap
 Introduction to Semiconductor Physics
The classification of semiconductor materials are given below
and we already discuss about semiconductor in previous
slide.
FORMATION OF N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS
N-type semiconductors are created by doping an
intrinsic semiconductor with an electron donor element
during manufacture. The term n-type comes from the
negative charge of the electron. In n-type semiconductors,
electrons are the majority carriers and holes are the minority
carriers
FORMATION OF N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS
FORMATION OF P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS
The extrinsic p-Type Semiconductor is formed when a
trivalent impurity is added to a pure semiconductor in a small
amount, and as a result, a large number of holes are created
in it. A large number of holes are provided in
the semiconductor material by the addition of trivalent
impurities like Gallium and Indium.
FORMATION OF P-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS
 Introduction to Semiconductor Physics
Semiconductors are also classified as follows
1.Direct band Gap 2. Indirect band Gap
 USE OF INSULATORS
When a material's electrons have little freedom to move from atom to
atom, the material functions as an electrical insulator. Examples of this
include glass, rubber, plastic and air – the former three of which are often
used in electronic circuitry and wiring. Rubber, in particular, is often used
as a wearable insulator to protect electricians and other specialists from
shocks that could be dangerous or deadly without protection. At the
same time, plastic is used in the coating of power cables to ensure that
electricity flows only from the power source to your electric devices. In
power generation, electric cables are protected from the metal of the
towers that carry them with large glass insulators.
 USE OF CONDUCTORS
In contrast to insulators, conductive materials have electrons
that loosely drift between that material's atoms. Metals are the
best-known conductors with silver, copper and gold standing as
the three most conductive metals known. Almost all electrical
wire and solder used to join electrical components is made
from one of these three metals. Many liquids function as
conductors as well. Large-capacity batteries contain
electrolytes that allow electricity to travel from the battery's
electrode to the battery's terminals.
 USE OF SEMICONDUCTORS
Semiconductors are employed in the manufacture of various kinds of
electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits.
Such devices have found wide application because of their compactness,
reliability, power efficiency, and low cost. As discrete components, they
have found use in power devices, optical sensors, and light emitters,
including solid-state lasers. They have a wide range of current- and voltage-
handling capabilities and, more important, lend themselves to integration
into complex but readily manufacturable microelectronic circuits. They are,
and will be in the foreseeable future, the key elements for the majority of
electronic systems, serving communications, signal processing, computing,
and control applications in both the consumer and industrial markets.