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Lecture15 A

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4 views

Lecture15 A

Uploaded by

aimann.azeemi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Derivative

• Definition of the Derivative


• Notational stuff about the Derivative
• Existence of the Derivative
• Relationship btw differentiability and continuity
• Derivatives at the endpoints of the interval
• In the previous lecture we saw that the slope of a tangent line to the graph
of y = f (x) is given by
f ( x1 )  f ( x0 )
mtan  lim
x1  x0 x1  x0
• Let's do some algebraic manipulations
• Let h x1  x0 so that x1 x0  h and h  0 as x1  x0
• So we can rewrite the above tangent formula as
f ( x0  h)  f ( x0 )
mtan lim
h 0 h
P( x0, y0) is just called the tangent line at x0for brevity.
• Also a point P( x0 , y0) make here that the Equation • We make this
definition provided that the LIMIT in the definition exists!
• The tangent line at the point of the tangent line at x0is
. y  y0 mtan ( x  x0 )
Example
Find the slope and an equation of the tangent line to the graph of
2
f ( x ) x at the point P(3,9). Here is the

We use the formula given in the above definition with x0 3 and y0 9

First we find the slope of the tangent line at x0 3


f (3  h)  f (3) (3  h) 2  9
mtan lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h
(9  6h  h 2 )  9 6h  h 2
lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h
h(6  h)
lim lim(6  h) 6
h 0 h h 0

Now we find the equation of the tangent line


y  9 6( x  3)
 y 6 x  9
Now notice that mtan is a function of x0 because since it depends on where
along the curve is being computed. Also, from the formula for it, it should
be clear that h eventually shrinks to 0 and whatever is left will be in terms
of x0 .This can be further modified by saying that we will call x0 is x .
Then we have mtan as a function of x and this is nice.
Since now we can say that we have associated a new function mtan to any
given function. We can rewrite the formula for mtan as
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
mtan lim
h 0 h
This is a function of x and its very important. Its called the Derivative
function wrt x of the the function y = f (x)
DEFINITION 3.2.2

We can interpret this derivative in 2 ways Geometric interpretation of the


Derivative f’ is the function whose value at x is the slope of the tangent
line to the graph of the function f at x Rate of Change interpretation of
Derivative If y = f(x), then f’ is the function whose value at x is the
instantaneous rate of change of y with respect to x at the point x.
Example
( x ) x 2  1
f Let
Find f’ (x).
Use the result from part a) to find the slope of the tangent line to
y  f ( x ) x 2  1
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) [( x  h) 2  1]  [ x 2  1]
f ( x) lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h
x 2  2 xh  h 2  1  x 2  1 2 xh  h 2
lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h
lim(2 x  h) 2 x
h 0

we show that the slope of the tangent line at ANY point x is f '( x) 2 x
SO at point x = 2 we have slopef '(2) 2(2) 4 at point x = 0 we have
slope f '(0) 2(0) 0 at point x = -2 we have slope f '(0) 2(0) 0
Example 3
It should be clear that at each point on a straight line y mx  bthe
tangent line y mx  bwith the line itself. So the slope of the tangent line
must be the same as that of the original line, namely m. We can prove this
here.
f ( x  h)  f ( x ) m[( x  h)  b]  (mx  b)
f '( x) lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h
mx  mh  b  mx  b mh
lim lim lim m m
h 0 h h 0 h h 0

Find the derivative with respect to x of f ( x)  x


f ( x  h)  f ( x ) xh  x
f ( x)  x f '( x) lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h
xh  x xh  x
lim 
h 0 h xh  x
( x  h)  x h
lim lim
h 0 h( x  h  x ) h 0 h( x  h  x )
1 1 1
lim  
h 0 xh  x x x 2 x
• Here are the graphs of f (x) and its derivative we just found. Note that
1
lim 
x 0 2 x

the derivative graph shows that as x goes to 0 from the right side, the slopes
of the tangent lines to the graph of y = f (x) approach +inf, meaning that the
tangent lines start getting VERTICAL!! Can you see this??!

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