Geography of India

s. Him
• India is considered a
h Mt ala
u Kus ya
n Mt
“subcontinent” because
H ind s.
of its size. It is actually a
part of Asia. In the north
are high mountains, the
Deccan
Himalayas and Hindu
Plateau
Kush. In the center is the
Deccan Plateau.
 Indus Valley
• The Indus River is located
in Pakistan. Find it on the
map. It was along this river
that a civilization
developed around 2,500
BCE. It is called the Indus
Valley Civilization. Two
major cities of this
civilization were Harappa
and Mohenjo-Daro.
 Geography & Early Civilization
Ganges River
The Ganges flows from the Himalayas and flows across northern
India
It joins the Brahmaputra River as it flows into the Bay of Bengal
 Geography & Early Civilization
Seasonal winds called monsoons dominate India’s climate
Environmental challenges
Yearly floods- unpredictable (remember the Nile River in Egypt?)
The rivers sometimes change course
Monsoons brought unpredictable cycles of wet and dry seasons
The Indus Valley Culture
• The people of the Indus
Valley were mostly peaceful
farmers. They built large
cities with ordered streets and
bricks made all the same size.
This indicates they had a
strong central government.
This statue is probably a
priest or king.
The Indus Valley people had an advanced civilization with
large cities, running water and sewer systems. They built
walls around their cities which indicated that they might
have had to defend themselves against other people. We do
not know a lot about them because we cannot yet read their
writing.

The picture at the right shows an

example of Indus Valley writing.
Linguists are still trying to
decipher the language. We
know they traded with the
people of Mesopotamia and
Egypt so perhaps those people
knew how to read and speak this
language!
Indus Valley Script
• Here are several
examples of Indus
Valley writing. It is
believed that the Indus
Valley people may
have also written on
palm leaves or cloth
but no evidence of this
has survived.
This is a photograph of “The Great Bath” at Mohenjo Daro.
This is one of the earliest examples of a public bath or water
storage system found in the world. The Indus Valley people
were great architects and city planners.
Here is a reconstruction of what the entrance to Mohenjo
Daro might have looked like.
• Around 1500 BCE, a group of nomadic
warrior-herders crossed the narrow Khyber
Pass in the Hindu Kush Mountains and invaded
the Indus Valley culture. These people, the
Aryans, came from Eastern Europe between
the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, probably
looking for pastures for their animals. Flooding
and earthquakes had weakened the Indus Valley
culture and they were unable to withstand the
newcomers.
The route of the
Aryans into
India.
• The Aryans learned to use iron after their invasion of
India.
• Iron was uses to make plows which made farming much
easier.
• It was also use to make iron weapons which the Aryans
used to carve out more territory in the Ganges River basin
– Soon cities ruled by chiefs called Rajahs arose
• By 500 B.C., the Aryans had built a new Indian
civilization
The Aryans brought with them their
own language, called Sanskrit and
religious and cultural beliefs. The
Indus Valley people eventually
became intermixed with the Aryan
people and the two cultures together
make up what is now much of the
culture of modern India. Hinduism,
the major religion of India, was a
mixture of Aryan and Indus Valley
beliefs. The caste system, which
keeps people in strict social classes,
was brought to India by the Aryans.
 Hindu Religion
The Aryans and the Indus
Valley culture eventually
produced what is known
today as Hinduism. This
religion is polytheistic,
which means believing in
many gods. We know
about this ancient
religion because of Aryan
books called “Vedas”
that record the beliefs of
the Aryans. Pictured here
is one of the many gods
of Hinduism, Krishna.
 Hinduism
Hinduism is derived from the Persian word “Hind”
for “inhabitant of India”.
It is different than Christianity and other religions
because it does not have a single founder like
Abraham or Jesus Christ.
It grew over a period of 4,000 years.

Hinduism is composed of many different groups

and has no well-defined organization.
Its two most general features are the caste system
and acceptance of the Vedas as the sacred
scriptures.
Hindu Trinity
• Brahma - the Creator
• Vishnu - the Preserver
• Shiva - the Destroyer
• Three aspects/powers of
the same divine being
• trinity
Reincarnation
• Central to Hinduism is the
belief in reincarnation.
Hindus believe that after a
person dies, they will be re-
born as some other creature
or thing. What you are re-
born as depends on your
“Karma” or the deeds you
did in your previous life. If
you did good deeds, you will
reborn into a higher, better
life. If you had bad Karma,
you may be re-born as an
insect or even a tree.
 Caste System
• One social custom brought to
India by the Aryans was the
caste system. This system put
every person in society into a
certain class from which they
could never advance. The caste
system was very effective in
keeping social order but it was
rigid and strict. Those in the
lowest caste were looked down
on by upper caste members and
could never change castes.
Caste System
• India’s caste system is
divided into many
different classes, each
with its own job. The
highest class is the
Brahmans, or priests.
They have great
authority and respect.
 Caste System
• The next level are the
warriors, or land-
owners. They are
often in the wealthy,
ruling class. In early
times, they were the
armies for the many
princes of India. They
are called Kshatriya
 Caste System
• The Vaishya are the
merchants and
artisans. They are the
people who sell
products. They, like
all members of each
caste, cannot ever
change their caste.
Caste System
• The lowest level are
the artisans and
farmers. They are
called Shudra. They
are very important
because they provide
food and goods for
society. Like members
of every caste, they
must marry within
their own caste.
 Caste System
The lowest group
in India are the
Harijan. They are
also called the
“untouchables” or
“outcasts” because
they are not even
considered part of
the caste system.
Their job is to do
all the worst jobs in
the community
such as cleaning
latrines and sewers
and sweeping the streets. Members of the caste system were not even supposed to
have the shadow of an untouchable touch them. These people believed that the
only way to get out of their lot in life was to perform their jobs without complaint
so they could be born into a higher caste in the next life.
 Siddharta Gautama
Around 566 BC, Siddharta Guatama was born into the warrior or
Kshatriya caste. He was a prince who was kept isolated inside a
beautiful palace and not allowed to see the real world. One day he
left the walls of his palace and saw the pain and misery of life. He
decided from then on that he needed to find a way of living that
would allow people to find peace in life. He spent many years trying
different ways of life, following different philosophies. Finally he
came up with his own way, which is now called Buddhism.
Gautama became known as Buddha, which means “enlightened one.”
He developed the Four Noble Truths and The Eightfold Path.
These are rules to live by that help people live morally and find the
“middle path,” without too much pain, or too much pleasure.
 The Maurya Empire
•Chandragupta Maurya captured the capital of Magadha in 321 BCE
and Maurya was installed as king, founding the Maurya Empire, India’s
first.
•Chandragupta Maurya expanded the Maurya Empire north and west
during his reign.
•Chandragupta Maurya was succeed by his son Bindusara in 298 BCE,
and then by Bindusara's son Ashoka the Great in 272 BCE.
•Under Ashoka the Great, the Maurya Empire expanded into the
southern part of the Indian subcontinent.
•Ashoka erected the Edicts of Ashoka, which state his policies and
accomplishments, and which were written in both Greek and Sanskrit.
 Ashoka
After fighting a bloody battle, he sickened of
war and turned his life in a different direction.
He became a Buddhist, or someone who
followed the teachings of Buddha. He lived
peacefully and built roads for travelers, planted
trees to give shade, constructed rest houses and
dug wells. He considered all his subjects his
children and tried to care for them with love and
kindness. He built a road system and every nine
miles he had wells dug and rest houses built.
This allowed travelers to stop and refresh
themselves. Many people became Buddhist
after Ashoka’s example.
 The Gupta Empire
• Chandra Gupta established India’s second empire, the
Gupta Empire, which oversaw a great flowering of
Indian civilization, especially Hindu culture.
• Chandragupta II promoted the synthesis of science, art,
philosophy, and religion in part because his court
contained the Navartna (or the Nine Jewels), a group of
nine scholars who produced advancements in many
academic fields.
• He also conquered the whole Indian subcontinent,
including the Tamil people of middle India whose society
was one of the few matriarchal societies in ancient times.
 Contributions
• Many advances in
science, medicine,
astronomy, and
mathematics came out
of India. This is a
depiction of an ancient
Indian book that
predicts eclipses of the
sun and moon.
Contributions
India had many
advances in medicine.
One doctor from
Ancient India wrote a
book on how he rebuilt
noses through plastic
surgery. He no doubt
needed to do this often
since having one’s nose
cut off was one of the
punishments for
committing a crime.
 Contributions
• This is a sample of
elaborate mathematical
calculations taken from an
Indian text around 600
BC. An Indian named
Brahmagupta is credited
with inventing the idea
of “0”(zero). This
changed greatly how
mathematics could be
used.
Contributions
• Ancient India is also
credited with inventing the
magnetic compass.
Indians sailed the Indian
Ocean in boats the were
guided by a metal “fish”
floating in oil. The fish
pointed north, acting as a
compass for the boats.
 Ancient India

Ancient India brought inventions, ideas,

philosophies and social and cultural traditions
that have spread throughout many of the
world’s cultures. This huge subcontinent
with its rich and varied history was certainly
one of the greatest early civilizations in the
world.