EARTH AND LIFE

SCIENCE
MAKES UP THE SOLID
PORTION OF THE EARTH

Hydrosphe Magnetosph Lithosphe Stratosphe

re ere re re
The thin gaseous layer
that envelopes the
lithosphere

Cryospher Hydrosphe Biosphere Atmospher

e re e
The set of all life forms
on Earth

Biosphere Exospher Magnetosp Ionospher

e here e
All waters that surrounds
the Earth

Thermosphe Hydrosphe Water Cryospher

re re Cycle e
All waters that surrounds
the Earth

Thermosphe Hydrosphe Water Cryospher

re re Cycle e
Which of the following is
the lowest layer of Earth's
atmosphere?
Stratosphere Mesospher Tropospher Thermosphe
e e re
In which atmospheric layer
does the ozone layer
primarily reside?
Troposphere Stratosphe Mesospher Exosphere
re e
Which layer of the atmosphere
is known for its very high
temperatures and the presence
of the auroras?
Thermosphe Stratosphe Mesospher Exosphere
re re e
Which of the following layers is
directly above the
stratosphere?
Thermosphe Stratosphe Mesospher Exosphere
re re e
Which of the following layers of
the Earth is the outermost?

CRUST MANTLE OUTER INNER CORE

CORE
What is the thickest layer of
the Earth?

CRUST MANTLE OUTER INNER CORE

CORE
Which layer of the Earth is
composed mainly of liquid iron
and nickel?
CRUST MANTLE OUTER INNER CORE
CORE
In which layer of the Earth do
tectonic plates move?

CRUST MANTLE OUTER INNER CORE

CORE
LESSON 1: EARTH’S
HABITABLE TRAITS
 Earth
The only habitable planet in the
Solar System
EARTH
• The third planet in the solar system
• According to radiometric dating, it is said to
be 4.56 billion years old
• Revolves the sun around 365-366 days
EARTH’S UNIQUE
TRAITS
1. WATER

• Water is a substance on Earth that is in liquid form at the

temperatures commonly found on the surface of our planet.
• It is an excellent solvent which is capable of dissolving
many substances. This allows water to carry nutrients to
cell and carry waste away from them. 70% of Earth’s
surface is covered by water.
• The water on this planet is neither too much nor too little
II. ATMOSPHERE

• It is the envelope of gases surrounding the Earth or another planet.

• The Earth’s atmosphere contains 78% of nitrogen, 21% of oxygen,
and 1% of argon and other gases that are necessary for life.
• This help in regulating the temperature of the Earth by trapping
some of the heat that does manage to reach our planet.
• This also keeps the Earth protected from small-to medium sized
meteorites.
3. DISTANCE FROM THE SUN

• With its location, the Earth receives neither too

much heat energy nor too little. This amount is
enough for the organisms to run their life
processes.
• With this, the Earth has a right temperature for
living organisms to exist and survive.
4. PLATE TECTONICS

• It is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms

are created as a result of Earth’s subterranean movements.
• The earth is covered with broken shells that are constantly
moving around.
• This movement plates has an important role in geologic
activities such as the formation of volcanoes, mountain
ranges, water falls and etc.
5. MOON

• The only satellite of the Earth called the “ MOON”

has stabilizing effect on the Earth’s planetary
rotation which prevents the poles from shifting
unexpectedly.
6. EARTH’S METAL CORE

• Earth’s metal core produces magnetic fields that

shield the Earth from solar wind and help hold onto
atmosphere and water.
7. PROTECTION FROM JUPITER

• Jupiter’s gravity helps divert and vacuum up

incoming debris and keeps Earth safe.
8. SIZE OF THE EARTH

• Our Earth has the right size to hang on its

atmosphere, but not too large to hold on to too
much atmosphere.
EARTH’S
SUBSYSTEM
ATMOSPHERE

• A thin gaseous layer

that envelopes the
earth.
• It is composed of 78% N,
21% O, 1% Ar and trace
amount of other gases.
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

• Troposphere (0-10km) • Mesosphere where meteors burn

constitutes the climate system • Thermosphere where satellites orbit

that maintains the conditions Earth.
suitable for life on the planet’s • Ionosphere a series of regions in parts
surface. of the mesosphere and thermosphere
where high- energy radiation from the
• Stratosphere (10-50 km) is sun has knocked electrons loose from
made of ozone that protects life the parent atoms and molecules.
on the planet by filtering harmful • Exosphere the outer region of the
ultraviolet radiation from the sun. planet’s atmosphere
ATMOSPHERE

Parts of
atmosphere:
• Try
• Some
• Milk
• Then
• Iron
• Eggs
BIOSPHERE

• It is the most important

subsystem on Earth.
• It covers all ecosystem
• For majority of life on earth, the
base of the food chain is
comprised of photosynthetic
organisms.
• Coined by the geologist Eduard
Suess in 1875
GEOSPHERE/ LITHOSPHERE

• The geosphere includes rocks

that constitutes the crust and
mantle, the metallic liquid outer
core, and the solid metallic inner
core
• 94% of the Earth is composed of
the elements oxygen, silicon,
and magnesium.
• This layer also includes the
Tectonic plate
TECTONIC PLATES

• These are the rocky parts of the lithosphere that

are divided into numerous plates due to the
drifting of the plates as times goes by.
• Estimated to move about 1-16 cm per year
• Suess- Gondwana
• Wegener- Urkontinent to Pangaea
PARTS OF THE
EARTH
CRUST

• It is the Earth’s outermost and thinnest layer

• It is the layer of the Earth where life exists
• It comprises of 1% of the Earth’s volume
• Two types of Earth’s Crust : Oceanic (found in oceanic
bases) and Continental (found beneath the continents)
• Temperature ranges from 200-400 C
DIFFERENT ELEMENTS THAT COMPOSE THE
EARTH’S CRUST
• Oxygen 46.60 Potassium 2.59
• Silicon 27.72 Magnesium 2.09
• Aluminum 8.13 Titanium 0.40
• Iron 5.00 Hydrogen 0.14
• Calcium 3.63
• Sodium 2.83
MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY (MOHO)

• It is the boundary of the crust and the mantle

• Discovered by Croatian seismologist Andrija
Mohorovicic in 1909
• Showed there are two kinds of seismic waves
• P-waves (first arrived but slowly)
• S-waves (last arrived but faster)
MANTLE

• Also called as “sima”

• The biggest part of the Earth in terms of depth and
volume
• The mantle is 2,900 km thick
• The average temperature is 3,000 C
OUTER CORE

• It is fluid (magma-like) part of the Core

• It is 2,890-5000 km beneath the Earth’s surface
• The temperature of the outer core ranges from
4500-6000 C
• This is the layer that creates the Earth’s magnetic
field
INNER CORE

• It is deepest part of the Earth and made up of iron-

nickel alloy
• The average temperature of the inner core is 5500
C
• Unlike the outer core, it is solid due to the pressure
created by total weight of the three other layers.
HYDROSPHERE

• It is the liquid component

of the Earth (including
glacial waters)
• Covers 70% of the Earth’s
surface
• 3% of Earth’s water is fresh
(2/3 of this is in form of ice,
and the remaining 1/3 is
present in streams, lakes,
and groundwater.
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE (WATER CYCLE)

• It is the cycle that explains the continuous

movement of the water, above or below the
Earth’s surface
• It also involves the transfer of energy (e.g.
evaporation – condensation)
• The sun is the driving agent of this cycle
PROCESSES OF HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
( WATER CYCLE)

• Evaporation
• Transpiration

• Condensation
• Precipitation
• Infiltration
EVAPORATION

• It is the first major step in the hydrological cycle

• The sun is the major driving force of this process
for it will heat the water and it will become water
vapor
• It involves the molecular change of water from
liquid to gas
TRANSPIRATION

• It is a type of water movement that is typically

happening in plants
• The sun absorbs the water from the aerial parts of a
plant (e.g. leaves) and it will evaporate and become
water vapor
• If there are many leaves in the plant. It would lose more
water because it has a bigger surface area.
CONDENSATION

• It is reverse process of the evaporation

• It is happening when the evaporated water vapor
cooled down to its dew point
• It is usually when the clouds are formed
PRECIPITATION

• It is the water released from the condensed clouds

• It is the primary connection in the water cycle that
provides for the delivery of the atmospheric water
to the Earth
TYPES OF PRECIPITATION

• RAIN

• It is the liquid water droplets that is responsible for the bringing of

freshwater into the Earth
• SNOW

• It is the solid type of precipitation that has a temperature of below 0C

• It is the ice crystals that precipitate from the atmosphere
• It is usually precipitated in the polar regions or places with cold
moistures
 • HAIL

• It is the other type of solid precipitation

• Hails are small irregular lumps or balls of ice about the size
of 5mm to 15 mm
• Usually occurs in thunderstorm
INFILTRATION

• It is the process by which precipitation (water) was

absorbed by the soil and moves into the rocks and
usually replenishes the groundwater system
 Procedure: TINK-PAIR-SHARE!
1.List down as many phenomena that occurs in your
community.
2.What are the Earth’s subsystems present in the
phenomena you have listed?
3.In your own point of view, why is it necessary for us to
identify the different phenomena that occurs as the
Earth’s subsystems interact with each other?

Processing Questions:
4.How does it feel doing the activity?
5.What are your bases in choosing the phenomena?
6.From the different situations and phenomena stated, what
can we do as an individual to mitigate these disastrous
phenomena?
ASSIGNMENT

• Make a slogan about how

important it is to you and your
community to know the
different subsystems of the
Earth and how it interacts.
ROCK-FORMING
MINERALS
LESSON 3
• My name starts with letter M and ends with letter L. Without me rocks
wont exist. What am i? _____________________

• Minerals are defined as a naturally formed, generally inorganic,

crystalline solid composed of an ordered array of atoms.
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS
LUSTER

• This refers to the quality of light reflected by a mineral.

• The following are the two types of this property:
• Metallic – exhibits an opaque and a resplendent shine similar to a polished
metal.
• Non-metallic – may exhibit the following properties: vitreous (glassy),
resinous (resin-like), perly, greasy (looks like covered with a layer of oil),
silky, adamantine (hard and brilliant/diamond-like), dull (earthy), etc.
HARDNESS

• This refers to how resistant a mineral is to abrasion (being scrathed)?

• This is measured using Mohs Scale of Hardness developed by a German
geologist, Friedrich Mohs in 1812. The hardness of a mineral is simply
determined by scratching them with common objects of known
hardness.
COLOR AND STREAK

• Color- is a unique identifying property of certain minerals (e.g. malachite-green,

azurite-blue).
• Through, lots of minerals share similar or the same color/s but there are some minerals
which can exhibit a range of colors.
• For example: Quartz can be pink(rose quartz), purple (amethyst), orange (citrine), or white
(colorless quartz)

• Streak- on the other hand is the color of a minerals powder.

• For example: Fluorine may appear in green, yellow, purple or colorless but these
specimens have white streak.
• Streak is a better diagnostic property compared to color since it is inherent to almost
every mineral.
CRYSTAL FORM/HABIT

• This refers to the tendency of a mineral to repeatedly develop into

characteristic shapes.
• This external feature of a mineral will reflect its internal structures and
is considered as the natural form before cleavages are developed.
• Examples include prismatic, tabular, bladed, platy, reniform and
equant.
• There are also minerals with no crystal and they are known as
amorphous.
CLEAVAGE

• It is the tendency of some minerals to break along a plane with weak

bonding to form smooth and flat surfaces.
• These planes are formed from the atomic bonding.
• Cleavages are described by the number of direction and the angles at
which the planes intersect.
FRACTURE

• Some minerals may not develop cleavages but they have broken
surfaces that are irregular and non-planar.
• For example: Quartz has an inherent weakness in the crystal structure
that is not planar.
• Examples of fracture includes the conchoidal, fibrous, hackly, and
uneven among others.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY

• It refers to the ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal

volume of water.
• It is a measure that is used to express the density (mass per unit
volume ) of a mineral since the specific gravity of a mineral is
numerically equal to its density.
• Aside from the aforementioned traits of a mineral, there are other
certain unique properties of minerals that are also helpful in their
identification such as magnetism, odor, taste, tenacity, reaction to acid,
and etc.
• Examples: magnetite can be identified through its strong magnetic trait
while halite can be identified through its salty taste.
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF
MINERALS
SILICATES

• This group of minerals contains the two most abundant elements in the
Earth’s crust, silicon and oxygen.
• Silicon oxygen tetrahedron is the fundamental building block of silicate
minerals and over 90% of he rock-forming minerals is part of this
group.
• Examples are the Olivine, Quartz and Talc.
OXIDES

• This group of minerals contains oxygen anion which are combined with
one or more metal ions.
• Examples are Magnetite, Hematite and Chromite.
SULFATES

• This group is made up of Sulfur and Oxygen anion which are combined
with other ions.
• Examples are Anhydrite, Barite and Gypsum
SULFIDES

• This group of minerals contains sulfur anion combined with one or more
ions.
• Example are Pyrite, Galena and Bornite
CARBONATES

• This group of minerals are made up of carbonate anion that are

combined with other elements.
• Examples are Dolomite, Calcite and Malachite
HALIDES

• Group of minerals that contains halogen elements combined with one

or more elements.
• Examples are Halite, Fluorite and Chlorine
NATIVE ELEMENTS

• These are minerals that form individual element.

• These are grouped into:
• A. Metals and Inter-metals – these are minerals with high thermal and
electrical conductivity, typically with metallic luster and low hardness such
as gold and lead.
• B. Semi-metals – these are minerals that are more fragile than metals and
have lower conductivity such as arsenic and bismuth.
• C. Nonmetals – these are nonconductive minerals. Examples are sulfur and
diamond