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Lecture I Wind Load

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Chaltu T. Eba
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10 views

Lecture I Wind Load

Uploaded by

Chaltu T. Eba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture – 1

Structural Design
Wind Loads
• Wind is moving air
• Air has mass/density and moves in a particular direction at a
particular velocity (has Kinetic Energy)
• Obstacles that destructs the flow will transfer partially in to
potential energy of wind pressure /Wind load on Structures/
• Winds are measured regularly at a large number of
locations. The standard measurement is at 10m above
the surrounding terrain, which provides a fixed
reference with regard to the drag effects of the ground
surface.

• In EBCS, the reference wind velocity vref is defined as the


10 minute mean wind velocity at 10m above ground of
terrain category II
Wind actions:
• Wind loads act normal to the surface of the structure.
• Negative/Suction/ - when it acts away from the structure
• Positive – when it acts in to the structure
• Even though the wind loads are dynamic and highly variable,
the design approach is based on a maximum static load (i.e.,
pressure) equivalent
• The intensity of wind loads on a structure is
related to the square of the wind velocity and
the frontal area of the members resisting the
wind. The wind velocity, in turn, depends on:
– Geographical location
– The height of the structure
– The topography of the area
– The roughness of the surrounding
Why Lateral Design?

1. Strength and stability.

2. Fatigue in structural
members and
connections caused by
fluctuating wind loads.

3. Excessive lateral
deflection
Modeling of “Wind Actions”

• The wind action is represented either as a


wind pressure or a wind force.
• The action on the structures caused by the
wind pressure is assumed to act normal to the
surface
Methods of analysis:
• The simple procedure of EBCS (quasi-static method) applies
to those structures whose structural properties do not make
them susceptible to dynamic excitation.
– The quasi-static method may be used for buildings and chimneys
less than 200m tall provided the value of cd (see EBCS-1, 1995,
section 3.9.3) is less than 1.2.

• A detailed dynamic analysis procedure is required for those


structures which are likely to be susceptible to dynamic
excitation and for which the value of the dynamic coefficient
of cd is greater than 1.2.
EQUIVALENT STATIC WIND LOADS ON STRUCTURES

• Wind pressure on surfaces:


– External pressure (We): is the wind pressure acting on the external
surface of a structure and shall be obtained from
We=qref ce(ze) cpe
– Internal pressure (Wi): is the wind pressure acting on the internal
surface of a structure and shall be obtained from
Wi=qref ce(zi) cpi
– Net pressure: the net pressure (wind) across a wall or element is the
difference of the pressures on each surface taking into account of their
signs.( pressure, directed towards the surface is taken as positive and
suction ,directed away from the surface as negative.
Windward & Leeward
Windward is the direction from which the wind is blowing .

Leeward is the direction downwind from the point of reference


Internal Pressure
Internal Pressure (cont’d)
Internal Pressure (cont’d)
• Roughness Coefficient Cr
Terrain Z(m)
Category
2 4 8 16 30 50 100 200

I 0.90 1.02 1.14 1.25 1.36 1.45 1.57 1.68

II 0.83 0.83 0.96 1.10 1.22 1.45 1.44 1.58

III 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.87 1.01 1.31 1.28 1.43

IV 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.82 1.13 1.11 1.27

27
Terrain Category

Terrain Category I
Exposure Category (cont’d)

Terrain Category II Terrain Category II


Exposure Category (cont’d)

Terrain Category IV Terrain Category IV


External pressure coefficients, Cpe
External pressure coefficients, Cpe

• Accounts for the variation in dynamic pressure on


different zones of a structure due to its geometry,
area, and proximity to other structures.
Cpe = Cpe,1 A ≤ 1m2
Cpe = Cpe,1 + (Cpe,10 - Cpe,1) log10A 1m2 < A < 10m2
Cpe = Cpe,10 A ≥ 10m2

• The values Cpe,10 and Cpe,1 in Tables A.1 to A.5 (pages


71 to 79) are given for orthogonal wind directions
00, 900, 1800
Aerodynamic Coefficients
• For Vertical Walls (Appendix A.2.2)
• For Roofs (Flat, Monopitch, Doupitch, Hipped,
Multispan roofs)
• The external and internal pressure coefficients,
Cpe , Cpi
These coefficients depend on the loaded area of a
building and individual parts of a building.
Different zones of the loaded area are subjected
to different magnitude and direction of pressures.
Wind pressure on typical building according to ASCE
Internal pressure coefficients, Cpi

• The internal pressure coefficient for


buildings with out internal partitions is
given in Fig A-11 (page 83) and is a
function of the opening ratio μ which is
defined as:

  area of openings at the leeward and parallel sides


 area of openings at the windward , leeward , and wid parallel sides
Internal pressure coefficients, Cpi

• For closed buildings with internal


partitions and opening windows
the extreme values:
Cpi = 0.8 and Cpi = -0.5
Example on wind load

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