Applications of Information &

Communication Technology
CS181

Week 2
Fall-2023
Department of Computer Science
System Unit
The system unit is a case that
contains electronic components of
the computer used to process
data.
System units are available in a
variety of shapes and sizes.
The case of the system unit,
sometimes called the chassis, is
made of metal or plastic and
protects the internal electronic
components from damage.
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All computers and mobile devices
Motherboar
d
The motherboard,
sometimes called a
system board, is the
main circuit board of
the system unit.
Many electronic
components attach to
the Motherboard,
others are built into it.
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Motherboar
d

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Processor
The processor, also called the central
processing unit (CPU), interprets and
carries out the basic instructions that
operate a computer.
The processor significantly impacts
overall computing power and manages
most of a computer’s operations.
Processors are tiny, powerful chips that
use their built-in transistors to operate as
a logic gate of binary number sequences.
Since they are so small yet so powerful,
they enable devices like smart watches
to run as quickly as a phone or some
computers.
Processors contain a control unit and an
arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
These two components work together to 5 5
Inside the CPU

 At the hardware level, a CPU is

an integrated circuit, also known as a chip.
 An integrated circuit "integrates" millions or
billions of tiny electrical parts, arranging
them into circuits and fitting them all into a
compact box.

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Parts of
CPU

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Control Unit
The control unit is the component of
the processor that directs and coordinates
most of the operations in the computer.
It interprets each instruction issued by a
program and then initiates the
appropriate action to carry out the
instruction.
Types of internal components that the
control unit directs include the
arithmetic/logic unit, registers, and
buses.
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Arithmetic Logic Unit

 The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), another component of the processor,

performs arithmetic, comparison, and Other operations.
 Arithmetic operations include basic calculations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division.
 Comparison operations involve comparing one data item with another to
determine whether the first item is greater than, equal to, or less than
the other item.
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Memory Management
Unit
A memory management unit (MMU) is a
computer hardware component that
handles all memory and caching
operations associated with the processor.
In other words, the MMU is responsible
for all aspects of memory management.
It's usually integrated into the processor,
although, in some systems, it occupies a
separate integrated circuit (IC).
The work of the MMU falls into three major
categories:
Hardware memory management
OS memory management
Application memory management 10
Memory

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Memory

Memory consists of electronic

components that store instructions
waiting to be executed.
Memory stores three basic categories of
items
1. The operating system and other
system software that control or
maintain the computer and its devices
.
2. Application programs that carry out a
specific task such as word processing .
3. The data being processed by the
application programs and resulting
information.
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Memory Sizes

• 1 byte = 8bit
• 1 Kilobyte = 1,024
• 1 Megabyte =1,048,576
• 1 Gigabyte
=1,073,741,824
• 1 Terabyte
=1,099,511,627,776
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Storage
Devices

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 Storage
Devices
 The storage unit is a part of
the computer system which
is employed to store the
information and instructions
to be processed.
 A storage device is an
integral part of the computer
hardware which stores
information/data to process
the result of any
computational work.
 Without a storage device, a M. Junaid Nazar ([email protected])
Asim Ali Fayyaz ([email protected])
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Types of Memory
1. Primary Memory
2. Secondary Memory
3. Tertiary Memory

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Primary
Memory
It is also known as internal
memory and main memory.
This is a section of the CPU that
holds program instructions, input
data, and intermediate results.
It is generally smaller in size.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
and ROM (Read Only Memory)
are examples of primary storage.
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Secondary
Memory
 Secondary storage is a memory
that is stored external to the
computer.

 It is mainly used for the permanent

and long-term storage of programs
and data. Hard Disks, CDs, DVDs,
Pen/Flash drives, SSD, etc., are
examples of secondary storage. 18
Tertiary Memory

 Tertiary Memory is a type of Memory that is rarely

used in personal computers and due to this, tertiary
memory is not considered to be an important one.
Tertiary memory works automatically without human
intervention.

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 Types of Computer Storage
Devices
1. Primary Storage Devices
2. Magnetic Storage
Devices
3. Flash memory Devices
4. Optical Storage Devices
5. Cloud and Virtual
Storage
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Primary Storage Devices

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RAM
It stands for Random Access Memory. It is
volatile memory.
 It is used to store information that is used
immediately, or we can say that it is a
temporary memory.
Once, the computer is turned off, the data is
deleted.
With the help of RAM, computers can perform
multiple tasks like loading applications,
browsing the web, editing a spreadsheet,
experiencing the newest game, etc.
It is also used to load and run applications, like
your spreadsheet program, answers
commands, like all edits you made within the
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spreadsheet, or toggle between multiple
Types of RAM
1. Static Random Access Memory
(SRAM)

2. Dynamic Random Access

Memory (DRAM)

3. Synchronous Dynamic Random

Access Memory (SDRAM)

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 ROM
 It stands for Read-Only Memory.
 The data written or stored in these
devices are non-volatile, i.e., once
the data is stored in the memory
cannot be modified or deleted.
 The memory from which will only
read but cannot write it. This type
of memory is non-volatile.
 The information is stored
permanently during manufacture
only once.
 ROM stores instructions that are
used to start a computer. This
operation is referred to as
bootstrap.
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Types of ROM
1. Programmable Read-Only
Memory (PROM)

2. Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory (EPROM)

3. Electrically erasable
programmable read-only
memory (EEPROM)
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Cache Memory: The cache is a
smaller and fast memory component
in the computer which is inserted
between the CPU and the main
memory. To make this arrangement
effective. The cache needs to be
much faster than the main Memory
Register: Register is the smallest holding
data element that is built into the
processor itself. These are memory
locations that can be directly accessible by
the processor. It holds a small amount of
data around 32-bits to 64-bits and may
hold an instruction, a storage address, or
any kind of data such as a bit sequence or
individual characters. 26
Magnetic
Storage
Devices

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Magnetic Storage Devices

1. Floppy Disk

2. Hard Disk

3. Magnetic Card

4. Tape Cassette

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Flash Memory Devices

 It is a cheaper and more portable storage device. It is the most

used device to store data because is more reliable and efficient as
compared to other storage devices. Types of flash memory devices
are as follows:
1. Pen Drive
2. Solid State Drive (SSD)
3. Secure Digital Card (SD Card)
4. Memory Card
5. Multimedia Card
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Optical Storage Devices

Optical Storage Devices is also secondary storage device. It is a

removable storage device. Following are some optical storage devices:
Compact Disc (CD)
 Compact Disc read-only (CD-R)
 Compact Disc Read Write (CD-RW)
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
 Digital Versatile Disc read-only (DVD-R)
 Digital Versatile Disc Read Write (DVD-RW)
 Blu-ray Disc
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Cloud and Virtual
Storage
Nowadays, secondary memory has been upgraded
to virtual or cloud storage devices.
We can store our files and other stuff in the cloud
and the data is stored for as long as we pay for the
cloud storage.
There are many companies that provide cloud
services largely Google, Amazon, Microsoft, etc.
We can pay the rent for space we need, and we get
multiple benefits out of it.
Though it is being stored in a physical device
located in the data centers of the service provider,
the user doesn’t interact with the physical device
and its maintenance.
For example, Amazon Web Services offers AWS S3
as a type of storage where users can store data
virtually instead of being stored in physical hard
drive devices. These sorts of innovations represent 31
the frontier of where storage media goes.
Expansion Slots
and Adapter Cards
Expansion Slots
An expansion slot is a socket
on the motherboard that can hold an
adapter card.
Adapter Cards
An adapter card, sometimes
called an expansion card, is a circuit
board that enhances functions of a
component of the system unit
and/or provides connections to
peripherals. 3232
Ports and
Connectors
Ports
A port is the point at
which a peripheral attaches
to or communicates with a
system unit so that the
peripheral can send data to or
receive information from the
computer.
Connectors
A connector joins a
cable to a port. A
connector at one end of a
cable attaches to a port on
the system unit, and a 33

connector at the other end of

Type of Ports

1. USB Ports
2. FireWire Ports
3. Bluetooth Port
4. IrDA Port

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BUSE
S

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 Bus
 The electrically conducting path along
which data is transmitted inside any
digital electronic device.
 A Computer bus consists of a set of
parallel conductors, which may be
conventional wires, copper tracks on a
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD, or microscopic
aluminum trails on the surface of a
silicon chip.
 Each wire carries just one bit, so the
number of wires determines the largest
data WORD the bus can transmit: a bus
with eight wires can carry only 8-bit data
words, and hence defines the device as
an 8-bit device.
There are three types of bus lines:
Data bus 36
Address bus
Types of Buses
Data Bus: The data bus is a signal line for exchanging the data
between the CPU and the memory, and between the CPU and I/O, and
handles the data stored in the specified location. The data exchanged
includes numerical values for calculation, the calculation results, input
signals from external devices, and signals output to external devices.
Address Bus: The address bus is a signal line that specifies the location
of the memory and I/O. When exchanging data, it is necessary to specify
the takeoff-destination of the data or the storage destination of the data.
The address bus specifies this location.
Control Bus: The control bus is a signal line that specifies whether to
read or write to the location specified by the address bus. The memory
and I/O specified on the address bus receive the data which sent on the
data bus when instructed "Write" by the control bus. When instructed 37
"Read" by the control bus, the data is output to the data bus.
Word Size

Word size refers to the number of bits processed, stored, or

transmitted simultaneously by a computer’s processor or
memory.
It determines the amount of data a processor can handle in a
single operation, affecting the system’s overall performance,
addressable memory, and data types it can manage.
Common word sizes include 16-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit, with
larger word sizes typically providing better performance and
larger address spaces
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Word size

16-bit: An older word size, common in the 1980s and early 1990s,
that allows for 65,536 unique memory addresses and is limited to 64
KB of addressable memory.

32-bit: A more modern word size that can handle 4 GB of

addressable memory and provides faster processing times compared
to 16-bit systems.

64-bit: The current standard for most modern systems, offering

increased performance, larger addressable memory (up to 16
exabytes), and support for more complex data types.
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Machine
Cycle

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Machine Cycle

Fetching is the process of obtaining a program instruction or data

item from memory.

Decoding refers to the process of translating the instruction into

signals the computer can execute.

Executing is the process of carrying out the commands.

Storing, in this context, means writing the result to memory (not

to a storage medium). 41
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System Clock
A computer processor or CPU speed
is determined by the clock cycle,
which is the time between two
pulses of an oscillator.
Generally, the higher number of
pulses per second, the faster the
computer processor can process
information.
The clock speed is measured in Hz,
often either megahertz (MHz) or
gigahertz (GHz). For example, a 4
GHz processor performs
4,000,000,000 clock cycles per
second.
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Types of the system clock on
computers
Real-Time Clock (Hardware
clock)
The Real-Time Clock (RTC) is the
main clock that is used to give the
time of the day for the system. It is
powered by a different power source
from the main system power.
Software clock
This is managed by the
operating system. It is used to
synchronize all other operations
within the computer system. It
synchronizes both the software and
hardware components of the compute
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Input Devices
1. Keyboard
2. Pointing Devices
1. Mouse
2. Joystick
3. Light pen
4. Track Ball
5. Stylus
6. Touchpad
3. Scanner
4. Graphic Tablet
5. Microphone
6. Magnetic Ink Card
Reader(MICR)
7. Optical Character
Reader(OCR)
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Output
Devices
Monitors
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Flat-panel Display
Printers
Computer Speaker
Headphone
Projector
Plotter
Speech Generating Devices
Video Card
Braille Reader
GPS
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Types
of
Printer

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Operating System
 An operating system (OS) is a program
that acts as an interface between the
system hardware and the user.
 Moreover, it handles all the interactions
between the software and the hardware.
All the working of a computer system
depends on the OS at the base level.
 Further, it performs all the functions like
handling memory, processes, the
interaction between hardware and
software, etc. Now, let us look at the
functions of operating system.
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Types of Operating Systems
1. Batch OS
2. Distributed OS
3. Multitasking OS
4. Network OS
5. Real-OS
6. Mobile OS

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Multiprogramm
ing
 The concurrent residency of more than one
program in the main memory is referred as
multiprogramming.
 Since multiple programs are resident in the
memory, as soon as the currently executing
program finishes its execution, the next
program is dispatched for its consumption.
 Also, if the currently executing program asks
for input output resources, then meanwhile
another program is dispatched to the CPU for
execution.
 The main objective of multiprogramming is:
 Maximum CPU utilization. 51
 Multiprocessin
g
• When one system is connected to more
than one processor which collectively
work for the completion of the task, it is
called as multiprocessing systems.
• Multiprocessing systems can be divided in
two types:
• Symmetric Multiprocessing: The
operating system here resides on one
processor and the other processors
run user's programs.
• Asymmetric Multiprocessing: The
OS runs on any available processor, or
all the processor simultaneously run 52
the user program.
Multithreading
Multithreading is a conceptual
programming paradigm where a process is
divided into a number of sub-processes
called as threads. Each thread is
independent and has its own path of
execution with enabled inter thread
communication.
"Thread is the path followed while
executing a program. Each thread has its
own program counter, stack and register."
A thread is a lightweight process.

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Multitasking
Earlier when computers were invented, a
user was allowed to submit only job or
task at a time. But later with availability
of high-speed processor, one can submit
more than one task.
So the capability of OS to accept more
the one task per user is termed as
multitasking.
Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU
simultaneously by switching between
them.
The various job can be accepted from
same user or different users. There are 2 54
Any Question?

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