PRESTIGE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND

RESEARCH BHOPAL

TOPIC NAME- CONSTRUCTION OF ELECTRO-MAGNETICATTRACTION AND

INDUCTION TYPES RELAYS,
SUB. CODE- EX-701
SUB. NAME- POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

STUDENT NAME- RAJESH LAVISKAR SUBMITTED TO

ENROLLMENT NO. – 0198EX211036 Dr. SHIV KUMAR SONKAR SIR
(ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT)
ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY

• Electromagnetic Relay

• Electromagnetic relays are operated by electromagnetic action.

Although modern electrical protection relays often use microprocessor-
based relays, electromagnetic relays remain prevalent. Their complete
replacement by microprocessor-based static relays will take
considerable time. Therefore, understanding the various types of
electromagnetic relays is essential.

• Electromagnetic Relay Working

• Practically all the relaying device is based on either one or more of the
following
Types of electromagnetic relays.
1.Magnitude measurement,
2.Comparison,
3.Ratio measurement.

Principle of electromagnetic relay working is on some basic

principles. Depending upon working principle these can be
divided into following
Types of electromagnetic relays.
1.Attracted Armature type relay,
2.Induction Disc type relay,
3.Induction Cup type relay,
4.Balanced Beam type relay,
5.Moving coil type relay,
6.Polarized Moving Iron type relay.
Attraction Armature Type Relay
Attraction armature type relay is the most simple both in construction
as well as in its working principle. These types of electromagnetic
relays can be utilized as either magnitude relay or ratio relay. These
relays are employed as auxiliary relay, control relay, over current,
under current, over voltage, under voltage and impedance measuring
relays.
Hinged armature and plunger type constructions are most commonly
used for these types of electromagnetic relays. Among the two
constructional design, hinged armature type is more commonly used.
We know that force exerted on an armature is directly proportional to the
square of the magnetic flux in the air gap. If we ignore the effect of
saturation, the equation for the force experienced by the armature can
be expressed as,
Where,

F is the net force,

K’ is constant,
I is rms current of armature coil, and
K’ is the restraining force.

The threshold condition for relay operation would therefore be reached when KI 2 =
K’.
If we observe the above equation carefully, it would be realized that the relay
operation is dependent on the constants K’ and K for a particular value of the coil
current.
From the above explanation and equation it can be summarized that, the
1.Ampere
operation of –relay
turns developed
is influenced by by the relay operating coil,
2.The size of air gap between the relay core and the armature,
3.Restraining force on the armature.
Construction of Attracted Type
Relay
This relay is essentially a simple electromagnetic coil, and a hinged
plunger. Whenever the coil becomes energized the plunger being
attracted towards core of the coil. Some NO-NC (Normally Open and
Normally Closed) contacts are so arranged mechanically with this
plunger, that, NO contacts become closed and NC contacts become
open at the end of the plunger movement. Normally attraction
armature type relay is DC operated relay. The contacts are so arranged,
that, after relay is operated, the contacts cannot return to their original
positions even after the armature is de energized. After relay operation,
these types of electromagnetic relays are reset manually.
Attraction armature relay by virtue of their construction and working
principle, is instantaneous in operation.
Induction Disc Type Relay
The primary component of an induction disc type relay is a rotating
disc.

Induction Disc type Relay Working

Every induction disc type relay works on the same well known Ferrari’s
principle. This principle says, a torque is produced by two phase
displaced fluxes, which is proportional to the product of their
magnitude and phase displacement between them. Mathematically it
can be expressed as-
The induction disc type relay is based on the same principle as that of an
ammeter or a volt meter, or a wattmeter or a watt hour mater. In
induction relay the deflecting torque is produced by the eddy currents in
an aluminium or copper disc by the flux of an AC electromagnet. Here, an
aluminum (or copper) disc is placed between the poles of an AC magnet
which produces an alternating flux φ lagging from I by a small angle. As
this flux links with the disc, there must be an induced emf E2 in the disc,
lagging behind the flux φ by 90o. As the disc is purely resistive, the
induced current in the disc I2 will be in phase with E2. As the angle
between φ and I2 is 90o, the net torque produced in that case is zero. As,

In order to obtain torque in induction disc type relay, it is necessary to

produce a rotating field.
Pole Shading Method of Producing Torque in Induction Disc
Relay
In this method half of the pole is surrounded with copper ring as
shown. Let φ1 is the flux of unshaded portion of the pole. Actually total
flux divided into two equal portions when the pole is divided into two
parts by a slot.
As one portion of the pole is shaded by copper ring there will be
induced current in the shade ring which will produce another flux φ 2‘ in
the shaded pole. So, resultant flux of shaded pole will be vector sum of
φ1 and φ2. Say it is φ2, and angle between φ1 and φ2 is θ. These two
fluxes will produce a resultant torque,

There are mainly three types of shape of rotating disc are available
for induction disc type relay. They are spiral shaped, round and vase
shaped, as shown.
The spiral shape is done to compensate against varying restraining
torque of the control spring which winds up as the disc rotates to close
its contacts. For most designs, the disc may rotate by as much as 280o.
Further, the moving contact on the disc shift is so positioned that it
meets the stationary contacts on the relay frame when the largest
radius section of the disc is under the electromagnet. This is done to
ensure
Where satisfactory
high speedcontact pressure
operation is in inductionsuch
required, disc type relay.
as in differential
protection, the angular travel of the disc is considerably limited and
hence circular or even vane types may be used in induction disc type
electromagnetic relay.
Some time it is required that operation of an induction disc type relay
should be done after successful operation of another relay. Such as inter
locked over current relays are generally used for generator and bus bar
protection. In that case, the shading band is replaced by a shading coil.
Two ends of that shading coil are brought out across a normally open
contact of other control device or relay. Whenever the latter is operated
the normally open contact is closed and makes the shading coil short
One can also change the time/current characteristics of an induction disc
type relay, by deploying variable resistance arrangement to the shading
coil.
An induction disc relay, when connected to a negative sequence filter,
serves as a negative-sequence protection device for alternators.
Induction Cup Type Relay
Induction cup type relay can be considered as a different version of
induction disc type relay. The working principle of both type of relays are
more or less some. Induction cup type relay are used where, very high
speed operation along with polarizing and/or differential winding is
requested. Generally four pole and eight pole design are available. The
number of poles depends upon the number of winding to be
accommodated.
The inertia of cup type design is much lower than that of disc type
design. Hence very high speed operation is possible in induction cup type
relay. Further, the pole system is designed to give maximum torque per
KVA input. In a four pole unit almost all the eddy currents induced in the
cup by one pair of poles appear directly under the other pair of poles – so
Induction cup type relay is practically suited as directional or phase
comparison units. This is because, besides their sensitivity, induction cup
relay have steady non vibrating torque and their parasitic torque due to
current orCup
Induction voltage
Typealone are small.
Directional or Power Relay
It in a four pole induction cup type relay, one pair of poles produces flux
proportional to voltage and other pair of poles produces flux
proportional to current. The vector diagram is given below,

The torque T1 = Kφvi.φi. sin(90o − θ) assuming flux produced by the

voltage coil will lag 90° behind its voltage. By design, the angle can be
made to approach any value and a torque equation T = K.E.I.cos(φ − θ)
obtained, where θ is the E – I system angle.
Accordingly, induction-cup type relay can be designed to produced
maximum torque When system angle θ = 0o or 30o or 45o or 60o. The
former is known as power relays as they produce maximum torque
when θ = 0o and latter are known as directional relays – they are used
for directional discrimination in protective schemes under fault
Reactance or Mho Type Induction Cup Relay
By manipulating the current or voltage coil arrangements and the
relative phase displacement angle between various fluxes, induction cup
type relay can be made to measure pure reactance of a power circuit.

Balanced Beam Relay

Balanced beam type relay can be said a variant of attraction armature
type relay, but still these are treated as different types of relay as they
are employed in different field of application.
Balanced beam type relays were used in differential and distance
protection schemes. The use of these relay becomes absolute as
sophisticated induction disc type relay and induction cup type relays
supersede them.
The working principle of a Balance Beam Relay is quite simple. Here one
beam is supported by one hinge. The hinge supports the beam from
somewhere in the middle of the beam. There are two forces acts on two
ends of the beams, respectively. The direction of both of the forces is
. Not only direction, in normal working condition the torque produced
by the forces in respect of the hinge, are also same. Due to these two
same directional torques, the beam is held in horizontal position in
normal working condition. One of these torques is restraining torque
and other is operating torque.
The restraining torque can be provided either by restraining coil or by
restraining spring.
This is a kind of attracted armature type relay. But balance beam relay
is treated separately from their application point of view. When any
fault occurred, the current through the operating coil, crosses its pick
up value, and hence the mmf of operating coil increases and crosses
its pick-up value. Due to this increased mmf, the coil attracts more
strongly the beam end and hence, torque on respective end of the
beam increases. As this torque is increased, the balance of the beam
is being disturbed. Due to this unbalanced torque condition, the beam
end associated with operating torque, moves downward, to close No
contacts of the relay.
Typical arrangements of both types of balance beam relay are
illustrated below :
Now-a-days, balance beam relays become obsolete. In past days these
relays were widely used in differential and impedance measurements.
The uses of these relays are superseded by more sophisticated
induction disc and cup type relays.
The main drawbacks of balance beam relay, is poor reset / operate
ratio, susceptibility to phase displacement between the two energizing
and mal-operation on transients.
Moving Coil Type Relay
The moving coil relay or polarized DC moving coil relay is most
sensitive electromagnetic relay. Because of its high sensitive, this relay is
used widely for sensitive and accurate measurement for distance and
differential protection. This type of relays is inherently suitable for DC
system. Although this type of relay can be used for A.C system also but
necessary rectifier circuit should be provided in current transformer.
While inherently suitable for DC systems, this relay can also operate in
AC systems if a rectifier circuit is added to the current transformer.
In a moving coil relay the movement of the coil may be rotary or axial.
Both of them have been perfected to a large extent by the various
manufactures but the inherent limitation of a moving coil relay remains
i.e to lead the current in and out of the moving coil system which, for
reasons of sensitivity has to be designed to be very delicate.
Between these two types of moving coil relay a axial moving type has
twice sensitivity than that of rotary type.
With moving coil relay, sensitivities of the order of 0.2 mW to 0.5 mW
are typical. Speed of operation depends upon damping provided in the
relay.
THANK YOU