SOCIO-

ECONOMIC AND
POLITCAL
ISSUES IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Prepared by Angelo Paraso Coros
Lesson 1: Monastic Supremacy/

Political
La Soberania Monacal en
Filipinas
Aspect
Religious
Aspect
Economic
Aspect
 • Published in
Barcelona, Spain in
• 1889
Reprinted in
Manila in 1898

Marcelo H. Del
Pilar
Political Aspect:
●In the Political aspect, the friars interfered in
the Philippine Government for a long time, it
was firmly established. Thus, without any
difficulty, they controlled the status quo
of the country in defiance of the nation and
the institutions. They frighten the
government with the rebelliousness of the
country and they frighten the country with
Political Aspect:
●The friars even imposed a system where
Filipinos are forced to work inbuilding the
churches and their dwellings (called
●conventos)
The Filipino pay direct taxes consisting of the
personal cedula, urban Tax, industrial
subsidy, and additional municipal tax,
provincial tax and personal loan.
Political Aspect:
●Another tax which not included in the
Financial Plan of the Philippines is the
●religious
5,000 festival tax.
Pesos annual income – 30,000
Pesos annual income
Economic Aspect:
●The Philippine government lacks resources to
undertake public works; on the other hand,
the monastic orders build grand and
costly convents in Manila and in each
parish of three thousand souls, they erect a
spacious palace for the residence of the
regular curate.
Economic Aspect:
●The Philippine government lacks resources to
undertake public works; on the other hand,
the monastic orders build grand and
costly convents in Manila and in each
parish of three thousand souls, they erect a
spacious palace for the residence of the
regular curate.
Economic Aspect:
●The sale of religious objects that rise in
price by reason of priestly blessing
constitutes a true and indisputable simony;
and notwithstanding, one of the principal
sources of income of the monastic order is
the trade in religious objects.
Economic Aspect:

●Four or Five pesos

Religious Aspect:
●The approval of the curate is very essential to
the census of residents in the municipality
and officiating some documents.
● The curate has the authority to approve or
deny according to his will.
Lesson 2:
Taxation
during
Spanish
As recognition of
spain’s sovereignity
over the colonies
To defray the
expenses of
pacification
• Made by Real y Supremo
Consejo de Las Indias
(Royal and Supreme
Council of the indies)
• Published in Madrid in
1861
Taxes:
●Tributo – 8 reales and it requires 18-50
years old
(Road construction)
●Sancturom - 3 reales (Christianization)
●Donativo - Half real (for military
campaign)
●Caja de Comunidad - 1 real (Repair
bridges or improvement of public
Taxes:
●Polo y Servicio – Forced labor, all abled
body men from 16-60 years old are
required to constructions of bridge and
roads for 40 days.
●Falla – exception of Polo y Servicio
Lesson 3:
Agrarian
Reform in
the
Agrarian Reform and
Land Reform
●Agrarian Reform – Ballesteros, et.
al. defined as the redistribution of
lands regardless of the commodity
produced and tenurial
arrangement to farmers and
regular farm workers, who are
landless covering all public and
Agrarian Reform and
Land Reform
●Land reform – Refers to a
narrower redistribution of
land, usually to a limited
group of beneficiaries.
(Susie Jacobs, 2010)
 HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
OF AGRARIAN
REFORM IN THE
 Pre-colonial
Lands werePeriod
publicly owned prior to the
coming of Spaniards.
 Spanish
Period
• Encomienda System was introduced

• Majority of lands in the archipelago

during this time were owned by
Spanish friars called
Monastic/Ecclesiastical estates
 American
Period
• Torrens Title System (1902) - a method
of registering land titles that provides
undeniable proof of ownership.
 American
Period
• Homesteading (1903) - was intended to
stimulate economic development
through increased agricultural output
from previously unoccupied lands and
also to relieve agrarian problems in
densely settled parts of the country.
 Presidency of Manuel L.
Quezon (1935-1944)
• Republic Act 4054 otherwise known as
Rice Tenancy Law was passed. This
law legalized 50-50 shares between
landlords and tenants.
 Japanese
• Period
Hukbalahap (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa
mga Hapon) was controlled whole
areas of Cental Luzon.
 Presidency of Manuel
Roxas (1946-1948)
• Republic Act no. 34 was passed,
70-30 Sharing between landlords
and tenants.
 Presidency of Manuel
Roxas (1946-1948)
• Act no. 55 was also passed,
this law provided more
effective safeguard against
arbitrary ejectment of tenants.
Presidency of Ramon F.
Magsaysay (1853-1957)
• Republic Act 1199 or
Agricultural Tenancy Act of
1954 it was the first land
reform law in the Philippines.
Presidency of Ramon F.
Magsaysay (1853-1957)
• Land Tenure Administration (LTA)
Which responsible for the acquisition
and distribution of large tenanted rice
and corn lands over 200 hectares for
individuals and 600 hectares for
corporations.
Presidency of Ramon F.
Magsaysay (1853-1957)
• Provided basic support services like
feeder roads, irrigation and
cooperative to farmers. Most
especially provided small farmers and
share tenants loans with low interest
rate of 6 to 8 percent
 Presidency of Carlos P.
Garcia
(1957-1961)
• Continued the program of
President Magsaysay.
Presidency of Diosdado P.
Macapagal (1961-1965)
• Agricultural Land Reform Code
or RA 3844 was passed. It
abolished tenancy and
leasehold system.
Presidency of Ferdinand E.
Marcos (1961-1965)
• Department of Agrarian Reform
(DAR) under the Republic Act
6389
Presidency of Ferdinand E.
Marcos (1961-1965)
• Presidential Decree No. 2 on
September 26, 1972 declaring
the country under land reform
program.
Presidency of Corazon C.
Aquino (1986-1992)
• The Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Program (CARP) was
one of the priority programs of
Aquino government.
Presidency of Corazon C.
Aquino (1986-1992)
• Republic Act 6657 (CARL) was
signed into law.
 Presidency of Fidel V.
Ramos (1992-1998)
• Republic Act no. 8435
Agriculture and Fisheries
Modernization Act was passed.
 Presidency of Joseph
Ejercito Estrada (1998-
• MAGSASAKA2001)
(Magkabalikat
para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo)
was launched.
 Presidency of Joseph
Ejercito Estrada (1998-
• MAGSASAKA2001)
(Magkabalikat
para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo)
was launched.
 Presidency of Joseph
Ejercito Estrada (1998-
• He was also2001)
signed Executive
Order No. 151 on September
1999 (Farmer’s Trust Fund)
 Presidency of Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo (2001-
2010)
• Implemented the KALAHI
(Kapit-Bisig Laban Sa
Kahirapan)
Presidency of Benigno S.
Aquino III (2010-2016)
• The Agrarian Reform
Community Connectivity
and Economic Support
Services (ARCCESS)
Presidency of Benigno S.
Aquino III (2010-2016)
• Executive Order No. 26
series of 2011
 Presidency of Rodrigo
Roa Duterte (2016-2022)
• Launched the 2nd Phase
of Agrarian Reform
Program.
 Presidency of Rodrigo
Roa Duterte (2016-2022)
• He also reactivated the
Presidential Agrarian
Reform Council (PARC)
 Presidency of Rodrigo
Roa Duterte (2016-2022)
• He placed Boracay
agricultural lands under
CARP.
Presidency of Ferdinand
R. Marcos Jr. (2022-
• He signedpresent)
Executive Order
2022 that imposes a one-year
moratorium on payment of
land amortization
 THE
CONSTITUTION
OF THE
PHILIPPINES
 WHAT IS
CONSTITUTI
ON?
• Part of the country’s sovereignty.
• It is the fundamental and supreme
law of the land.
• Basis of all the other laws in the
land.
• Serve as guide to the government
making decision.
Constitutions
that the
Philippines
had.
 1897 PHILIPPINE
• Philippine’s first
CONSTITUTION constitution also
known as Biak na Bato
Constitution.

• Written by Isabelo Artacho and

Felix Ferrer
 1897 PHILIPPINE
• Created in accordance
CONSTITUTION with
establishment of Biak na Bato
Republic

• Almost same with Cuban

Constitution
 MALOLOS
• CONSTITUTION
Written by Felipe Calderon

• Ratification and Proclamation

held at Barasoain Church in
Malolos
 MALOLOS
CONSTITUTION
 1935 CONSTITUTION
• Written by Claro M. Recto
• Created in accordance with
establishment of the
Commonwealth Republic
 1935 CONSTITUTION
• Tydings-Mcduffie Law of 1934
caused drafting of 1935
constitution
• Effectivity was halted during
Japanese Occupation but
continued in 1946-1972
 1935 CONSTITUTION
• Ratification of constitution
included women for the first time
 1943 CONSTITUTION
• Drafted by the PCPI

• Created in accordance with the

establishment of second republic
• Lasted at the end of Japanese
Occupation, 1945
 1943 CONSTITUTION
• Drafted by the PCPI

• Created in accordance with the

establishment of second republic
• Lasted at the end of Japanese
Occupation, 1945
 1943 CONSTITUTION
Main purpose:
1. To make Filipinos believe that
they would be given independence.
2. To allow Japanese to have more
influence over Philippine territory
and resources.
 1973 CONSTITUTION
• Created in accordance with
declaration of Martial Law and
New Society.
• Lasted until the People power
revolution in 1986.
 1973 CONSTITUTION
Main purpose:
1. To change the present
government to parliament form
2. To give Marcos more power and
postpone the incoming 1973
election.
 FREEDOM
• CONSTITUTION
Promulgated on March 25, 1896
• Created in accordance with
establishment of Revolutionary
Government of 1986.
 1987 CONSTITUTION
• Ratified February 2, 1987
• Promulgated by Constitutional
Commission led by Cecilia Muńoz
Palma
 1973 CONSTITUTION
Changes in the Constitution:
1. To change the present
government to parliament form
2. To give Marcos more power and
postpone the incoming 1973
election.
 1987 CONSTITUTION
• Pushed for the restoration of
presidential government and
protection of Human Rights.