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Unit 9 Sec 1

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28 views12 pages

Unit 9 Sec 1

Uploaded by

moorasaysawt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Energy changes in chemical

reactions

Unit 9
Secondary 1
Melting and Evaporation
Imagine a block of ice on your hand. The ice starts to melt. Your hand feels cold. This is
because the ice takes heat from your hand. Its particles use this energy to leave their
places in the pattern of solid ice, and start moving around, in and out of each other.

Melting is endothermic.

Evaporation is endothermic.

Exothermic or endothermic?

All chemical reactions and changes of state involve energy changes.

You can use temperature changes to work out whether a change is exothermic or
endothermic.
A neutralisation reaction

Sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid = sodium chloride + Sodium hydrogen carbonate + citric acid = sodium citrate + water +
water carbon dioxide
C6H8O7 + NaHCO3 = Na3C6H6O7 +CO2 +H2
Dissolving – exothermic or endothermic?

Substance dissolved in Temperature change (˚C) Exothermic or


water endothermic?

Ammonium chloride -3 endothermic

Potassium nitrate -9 endothermic

Copper sulfate +1 exothermic

Ammonium nitrate -6 endothermic

*** Exothermic reactions release, or give out, heat.


Endothermic reactions take in heat.
Investigating fuels
Investigating fuels
Choosing Fuels
What is a fuel?
A fuel is a substance that releases useful heat when it burns. Burning
fuel reactions are exothermic.

How much heat?

fuel Heat released on burning (kJ/g)

ethanol 29.8

hydrogen 143.0

diesel 45.0
What are the products of combustion?
❖ The products of combustion are the substances made when a fuel burns.
➔ Hydrogen has only one combustion product – water.
hydrogen + oxygen = water
➔ Ethanol is a compound of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. It produces
carbon dioxide and water on burning
ethanol + oxygen = carbon dioxide and water
➔ Diesel is a mixture of compounds.
Most of its compounds are made up of carbon and hydrogen only. When diesel
burns, the main products are carbon dioxide and water. Burning diesel also
makes small amounts of compounds that are solid at 20°C. Some of these
products may increase the risk of getting cancer, or heart disease.
How are the fuels produced?
● Diesel is separated from crude oil. Crude oil was formed over
millions of
years from dead sea animals. Crude oil is a non-renewable
resource. We are
using crude oil much faster than it can be replaced.
● Most hydrogen fuel is made from methane. Methane is formed
from animal
waste, and on rubbish dumps. Methane from these sources is
renewable.
Most ethanol fuel is made from plants, such as sugar cane.
This means that
Calculating food energy

Measuring the energy in food

Planning investigative work


Considering evidence
Obtaining and presenting evidence
The equation for the
energy transferred to
the water as heat is:
H = m × c × ΔT
In the equation:
● H is the energy
transferred to the water
as heat
● m is the mass of the
water
● c is the specific heat
Mean temperature change = 40+43=37/3= capacity of the water,
40 ˚C 4.2 J/g °C
● ΔT is the
H= mc T= 100g .42J/g˚C.40 ˚C = 16.8kJ temperature change of
Investigating endothermic changes
Dissolving ammonium nitrate

When ammonium nitrate dissolves in water, it takes in heat from the surroundings. The process is endothermic.

The students list the variables in their investigation:

● substance used as solute (a solute is the substance that dissolves)

● mass of solute

● volume of water

● temperature change (the greater the temperature change, the greater the amount of heat taken in).

The variable they change = the mass of substance.

The variable they measure = temperature change.

The students will keep the other variables constant:

● the solute is ammonium chloride

● the volume of water – they will need to choose a suitable volume.

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