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Lecture 1

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7 views41 pages

Lecture 1

Uploaded by

ibrahimsanya387
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COURSE NAME:

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE

COURSE CODE: NSCH 1102


MR. MBEGEZE, Mussa B
COURSE ASSESSMENT
COURSE WORK (40%)
TESTS:
 TEST 1 = 10%
 TEST 2 = 15%
ASSIGNMENTS: 10%
PRACTICAL: 05%
 FINAL EXAMINATION (60%)
Introduction

Atomic orbitals

LECTURE
01
Electronic configuration
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
 Electronic structure is the arrangement or movement of
electrons within shells as influenced by the force from other
subatomic particles and their own repulsive forces
 Electrons are found around the nucleus in the region called
shells which determine their energy
 Therefore, each electron in an atom has a quantized energy
that cab be calculated by the equation below

 The energy of electrons is characteristic to atoms thus can


be used to identify atoms using XRF, XRD etc
 The energy possessed by an electron in an atom depend on
the shell (principal quantum number - energy level) which it
occupy

h = Plank’s constant
c = velocity of light
R = Reydberg constant
n = principal quantum number (1,2,3,4,5 …)
n Symbol shell
1 K First shell
2 L Second shell
3 M Third shell
4 N Fourth shell
5 O Fifth shell
 Within each shell lies orbitals in which the electrons are
found
 Atomic orbitals are wavefunctions of an electron in an atom
which describe electron’s location and wave-like behavior
 The shape and type of orbital is defined by angular
momentum quantum number ( l ) given by equation below
 The values of l obtained are assigned letters which represent
orbitals as shown in table below based on appearance of
spectral lines (Zeeman’s effect) produced during electron
transition from one orbital to another in the magnetic series

Angular momentum quantum number (l)


s = sharp series of spectral lines (s-orbital) – electron move
from s-orbital to p-orbital
p = principal series of spectral lines (p-orbital) - electron move
from p-orbitals to s-orbital
d= diffuse series of spectral lines (d-orbital) - electron move
from p-orbital to d-orbital
f = fundamental series of spectral lines (f-orbital)
A spectral line is a spectrum in which
light of only a certain wavelength is
emitted or absorbed, rather than a
continuous range of wavelengths,
rather than a continuous range of
colours
 For a particular “n” (shell) the values of l are integers
ranging from 0 to n-1
 For n = 1, l = 0 (s)
 For n = 2, l = 0,1 (s and p)
 For n = 3, l = 0,1,2 (s , p and d)
 For n = 4, l = 0,1,2,3 (s , p , d and f)
 This means, shell K (n = 2) and the other above shells
contains different types of orbitals as shown above
Shapes of orbitals

 s-orbital: spherical shape

 p-orbital: dumbbell shape


 d-orbitals: cloverleaf shape
 f-orbital: generally tetrahedral with two, six and eight lobes
 Orbitals have sub-orbitals which their number and orientation
are determined by magnetic quantum number (ml)
 The number of sub-orbitals in a shell is given by

 Therefore, s-orbital has no sub-orbital, and p-orbital has 3


sub-orbitals
 The number sub-orbitals are ml are presented as +l to –l
 For l = 1, ml = 3 (ml = 1,0,-1)
 For l = 2, ml = 5 ( ml = +2, +1, 0, -1, -2)
 For l = 0, ml = 1
 One s orbital without sub-orbitals
 For l = 1, ml = 3 (+1,0,-1)
 p-orbital with three sub-orbitals
 For l = 2, ml = 5 =
(+2, +1, 0, -1, -2)
 d-orbital with five sub-orbitals
 For l = 3, ml = 7 =
(+3,+2,+1,0,-1,-2,-3)
 f-orbital with seven sub-orbitals
 Electrons in their atoms are not stationary but they are
spinning while rotating the nucleus thereby producing
magnetic field which is described by the fourth quantum
number called spin magnetic quantum number (ms)
 When the magnetic field of electron spin reinforces the
magnetic field of electron rotation ms is given the value +1/2
 When the spin magnetic field oppose the rotation magnetic
field ms is given -1/2 value
 The wavefunction that describe the location and the wave-
like properties of an electron in an atom are quantized and
given values n, l, ml and ms and their relation is summarized
in table below (next slide)
Electron
spin (ml)
+1/2 or -1/2

+1/2 or -1/2

+1/2 or -1/2

+1/2 or -1/2
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
 Electronic configuration is the presentation of electrons in
the orbitals around the nucleus of an atom
 The electrons are arranged around the nucleus in their
principal energy level
 Each energy level have a specific maximum number of
electrons that it can accommodate depending on the sub-
orbitals it contains
 The energy levels and their orbitals in an atom are arranged
in increasing order as shown below

Increasing
energy

1s 2s 2p 3s3p 4s 3d 4p5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p
 Electrons in an atom fills the energy level progressively
starting from lower energy levels
 In writing electronic configuration there are rules to follow
which are
 Aufbau principle (building up principle)
 Pauli’s exclusion principle
 Hund’s rule
Aufbau principle
 Electrons fill into atomic orbitals in the order of increasing
orbital energy levels
 In small atoms (light elements) the energy of orbitals tend to
increase with increase in principal quantum number (n)
and so does the filling order
 For larger atoms (heavy elements) the energy of orbitals is
determined by the effect of both principal quantum number
(n) and azimuthal quantum number (l) (n + l) due to shielding
effect and electron-electron repulsions
 For example, the 4s-orbital fills before 3d-orbitals
Pauli’s exclusion principle
 No two electrons in the same atom may have the same
values for each of the four quantum numbers
This means the maximum number of electrons in an orbital
is two and their spins must be paired
 For example;
Hund’s rule
 Orbitals of equal energy level (degenerate orbital) are each
filled by one electron before any of the orbitals is paired
 However, in copper and chromium, the 3d-orbital is paired
before 4s-orbital
Writing electronic configuration
 The electronic configuration can be presented in two ways
 Summarized form
 Orbital diagram
 In a summarized form, the electronic configuration is presented using numbers and
letters as shown by the suggested general equation below

M = principal quantum number (n)

x = sub-orbital

q = number of electrons in a sub-orbital


 Therefore, from electronic configuration we can get the
following information
 Sub-orbitals present in an atom
 Number of shells in an atom
 Period and group of an atom in periodic table
 Block of an atom
 Atomic number of an atom
 Atomic number = Total number of electrons in e.c
Block = last sub-orbital
 Period = highest quantum number (n)
 Group;
s-block = number of electrons in last sub-orbital (total electrons
in valence shell)
p-block = electrons in last sub-orbital + 12 (total electrons in
valence shell)
d-block = electrons in last sub-orbital + 2 (valence electron +
10)
 Number of shells = highest quantum number
Electronic
 For example, the electronic configuration of hydrogen is

n = 1, sub-orbital = s, period = 1, group = 1

 Electronic configuration of carbon

n = 2, sub-orbitals = s & p, block = p,


period = 2, group = 4 (14)
 .
I VIII
II III IV V VI VII

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