Hydraulics

Unit -2 Hydrostatic Pressure

. Prepared by:
Mr. Utpal Ghosh
Officer-in-Charge
Kalna polytechnic
Kalna , Burdwan
Free liquid surface.
 Definition of pressure and its SI unit.
 Hydrostatic pressure at point.
Pascal's law Variation of pressure in
horizontal and vertical direction in static
liquid.
 Pressure diagram.
Concept of pressure prism and its use in
determination of force developed on the
immersed surface or surface in contact with
the liquid.
Concept of pressure head and its unit.
 concept of gauge pressure, atmospheric pressure and
absolute pressure, Conversion of pressure head of one liquid in
to other.
 devices for pressure measurements in pipes
– Piezometer.
 U-tube manometer.
 Bourdon’s pressure gauge.
Their principle of working and limitations.
 Measurement of pressure difference using
differential manometer
U-tube differential manometer and
inverted U-tube
differential manometer.
Numerical Problems.
 .
Total hydrostatic pressure and center of
pressure, Determination of total pressure &
center of pressure on vertical & inclined faces
of dams, sluice gates, sides and bottom of
water tanks.
Determination of total hydrostatics pressure
& center of pressure on sides and bottom of
tank containing two liquids,
Determination of net hydrostatic pressure
and center of pressure on vertical surface in
contact with liquid on either side. Numerical
Problems
 Hydrostatic Pressure
 Fluid Statics: It is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals
with the behavior/response of fluid when they are at rest.
 Pressure, (average pressure intensity): It is the normal force
exerted per unit area. It is denoted by P and is given by;

P=
Force/Area=F/A

 Units:
SI: N/m2 (called Pascal)
BG: lb/ft2 or lb/in2 (called psi)
CGS: dyne/cm2
1 bar=105N/m2=105Pascal
Hydrostatic pressure at point
Hydrostatic pressure at point
Pascal's law
Pascal's law
Pascal's law
Pascal's law
 Concept of pressure prism
pressure due to a
column of fluid of height
h and mass density D;

P h D g
The pressure of a liquid
at rest depends on the
density and depth of the
liquid.
Liquids are practically
incompressible, so
except for changes in
the temperature, the
density of a liquid is
normally the same at all
Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures
Actual pressure at a give point is called
the absolute pressure.
Most pressure-measuring devices are
calibrated to read zero in the
atmosphere, and therefore indicate
gage pressure, Pgage=Pabs - Patm.
Pressure below atmospheric pressure
are called vacuum pressure, Pvac=Patm
- Pabs.
Absolute, gage, and vacuum pressures
 Atmospheric pressure
 Gauge pressure
 Vacuum/negative pressure
 Absolute pressure
 Atmospheric pressure: Pressure exerted by
atmosphere
 Gauge pressure: Pressure more than atmospheric
pressure
 Vacuum/negative pressure: Pressure less than
atmospheric pressure
 Absolute pressure: Pressure measure relative to
absolute zero.
 Pabs=Patm+Pg
 Pabs=Patm-Pvac
Gauge Pressure (Pg): It is the pressure measured
relative to
atmospheric pressure (Patm) and is always above the
atmospheric pressure
 It may be defined as normal compressive force per unit
area
 Vacuum Pressure (Pvac): It is the pressure
measured relative to atmospheric pressure and is less
than the atmospheric pressure
 It may be defined as normal tensile force per unit area
 Absolute Pressure(Pabs): It is the pressure
measured from absolute
zero
Atmospheric Pressure: It is defined as weight of
air per unit surface area of earth.
It decreases with increase in elevation w.r.t. surface
of earth.
Standard atmospheric pressure at mean-sea-level is
=101.3KN/m2
=1.013bar
=14.7psi
=760mm of Hg
=33.9ft of water
=10.3m of water
 Pressure Measurement
Pressure is an important variable in fluid mechanics
and many instruments have been devised for its
measurement.
Many devices are based on hydrostatics such as
barometers and manometers, i.e., determine pressure
through measurement of a column (or columns) of a
liquid using the pressure variation with elevation
equation for an incompressible fluid.
Many pressure-
measuring devices
measure not absolute
pressure but only
difference in pressure.
This type of pressure
reading is called gage
pressure.
Whenever atmospheric
pressure is used as a
reference, the
possibility exists that
the pressure thus
measured can be either
positive or negative.
Negative gage pressure
are also termed as
vacuum pressures.
 Manometers
Inverted U Enlarged Leg
Tube

U
Tube

Two Fluid
Inclined Tube
The Manometer
An elevation change
of Dz in a fluid at rest
corresponds to
DP/rg.
A device based on
this is called a
manometer.
A manometer
consists of a U-tube
containing one or
more fluids such as
P1 P2 mercury, water,
alcohol, or oil.
P2 Patm   gh Heavy fluids such as
mercury are used if
large pressure
 Barometer: It is device used to measure the atmospheric pressure
at any point on the earth.

(i)Liquid barometer It
measures the pressure with help
of column of liquid
Barometer: It is device used to measure the atmospheric pressure
at any point on the earth.
Liquid Barometer
It consists of a transparent tube which is open from one end
only. The tube is filled with liquid and is inserted in a jar also
containing same liquid. The liquid initially drops in tube due to
gravity but stabilizes at certain level under the action of
atmospheric forces. The atmospheric pressure is then
measured as height of liquid at which it stabilizes.
Three forces acting on fluid are
Patm(A)=Force of atmospheric Pressure
W=Weight of liquid
Pvap(A)= Force of vapour pressure
A=Cross-sectional area of tube
Barometer: It is device used to measure the atmospheric pressure
at any point on the earth.
Liquid Barometer
Generally, mercury is preferred liquid because its
vapour pressure is minimum. Moreover, its specific
gravity is very high so that size (height) of
barometer required is small.
 However, for other liquid vapour pressure must
be considered in estimation.
 The barometer using mercury is called mercury
barometer and while using water is called water
barometer.
 Size of barometer tube should be more than ½
inches (or 13mm) to avoid capillarity.
Barometer: It is device used to measure the
atmospheric pressure at any point on the earth

There are two types of

barometer
(ii) Aneroid barometer
It measures atmospheric
pressure by its action on an
elastic lid of evacuated box.
Measurement of Pressure
The following devices are used for pressure
measurement
 1. Piezometer
 2. Manometer
 a) Simple manometer
 B) Differential manometer
 3. Mechanical Pressure Transducer
(Bourden gauge)
 4. Electrical Pressure Transducer
Measurement of Pressure by Piezometer
Measurement of Pressure by Piezometer
It is used to measure pressure in pipes or vessels.
 In it simplest form, it consists of a transparent tube
open from other ends.
 The diameter of tube should > ½” to avoid capillarity
action.
 Piezometers may be connected to sides or bottom of
pipe to avoid eddies that are produced in the top
region of pipe.
 Limitations:
 It must only be used for liquids
 It should not be used for high pressure
 It cannot measure vacuum (-ve) pressure
Measurement of Pressure by Manometer

Y=Manometric
reading
Y f =Specific weight
of fluid in pipe
Ym =Specific weight
of
manometric fluid
Measurement of Pressure by Manometer
 a). Simple Manometer
 Figure shows a set up of simple manometer.
 It consists of a U shaped tube, part of which
is filled with manometric fluid.
 One end of tube is connected with the pipe
whose pressure is required to be determined.
 Due to pressure, level of manometric fluid
rises on one side while it falls on other side.
 The difference in levels is measured to
estimate the pressure.
Measurement of Pressure by Manometer
Measurement of Pressure by Manometer
Measurement of Pressure by Manometer
Measurement of Pressure by Manometer
Measurement of Pressure by Manometer
Measurement of Pressure by Manometer
Measurement of Pressure by Manometer
Measurement of Pressure by Manometer
Measurement of Pressure by Bourdon
Gauge
Measurement of Pressure by Bourdon
Gauge
Measurement of Pressure by Bourdon
Gauge
HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON SUBMERGED
PLANE SURFACES
A plate, such as a gate valve in a
dam, the wall of a liquid storage Dam.
tank, or the hull of a ship at rest, is
subjected to fluid pressure
distributed over its surface when
exposed to a liquid.
On a plane surface, the hydrostatic
forces form a system of parallel
forces, and we often need to
determine the magnitude of the
force and its point of application,
which is called the center of
pressure.

When analyzing hydrostatic forces on

submerged surfaces, the atmospheric
pressure can be subtracted for simplicity
when it acts on both sides of the
structure. 45
 Hydrostatic
force on an
inclined plane
surface
completely
submerged in a
liquid.

The pressure at the

centroid of a surface is
equivalent to the average
pressure on the surface.

46
The hydrostatic force, in
general, does not pass through
the centroid of the surface, it
lies underneath where the
pressure is higher. The point
of intersection between
resultant force and surface is
called center of pressure

To determine location of the

center of pressure

second moment of area

(area moment of inertia)
about the x-axis.

47
The centroid and the centroidal moments of inertia for some
common geometries.

48
Pressure acts normal to the surface, and
the hydrostatic forces acting on a flat plate
of any shape form a volume whose base is
the plate area and whose length is the
linearly varying pressure.
This virtual pressure prism has an
interesting physical interpretation: its
volume is equal to the magnitude of the
resultant hydrostatic force acting on the
plate since FR =  PdA, and the line of
action of this force passes through the
centroid of this homogeneous prism.
The projection of the centroid on the plate
is the pressure center. The hydrostatic forces
Therefore, with the concept of pressure acting on a plane surface
prism, the problem of describing the form a pressure prism
resultant hydrostatic force on a plane whose base (left face) is
surface reduces to finding the volume and the surface and whose
the two coordinates of the centroid of this length is the pressure.
pressure prism.

49
Special Case:
Submerged Rectangular
Plate
Hydrostatic force
acting on the top
surface of a submerged
tilted rectangular
plate.

50
Hydrostatic force acting on
the top surface of a
submerged vertical
rectangular plate.

Sin θ =1

51
The pressure distribution
on submerged horizontal
surface is uniform

52
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