Quick Review Vo aV1  bV2  cV3  dV4  ...

I o aI1  bI 2  cI 3  dI 4  ...
Steps to apply Superposition Theorem:
1. Take one source & turn off all other sources
- Short circuit a Voltage source
- Open circuit a Current source

Short circuit Voltage source Open circuit Current source

2. Determine the contribution/output (voltage/current) of the active

source.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for other independent sources.
4. Sum the total contribution of each source.
- Add voltages/currents in same direction
- Subtract voltages/currents in opposite direction
Quick Review
Steps to apply Thevenin’s Theorem :
1. Replace the portion of network with a simple
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit – result in a two
terminals network.
2. Calculate the Thevenin’s voltage – find the open-
circuit voltage across the two terminals.
3. Determine RTh.
4. Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit & attach back
the variable element.
 Quick Review
• Thevenin’s equivalent is useful to find this
maximum power transfer.

IL

VTh 2
PL = IL2 RL =( ) RL
RTh +
RL VTh 2
When RL= RTh , PL (max)
= 4RTh
 Quick Review
Steps to apply Norton’s Theorem :
1. Replace the portion of network with a simple Norton’s
equivalent circuit – result in a two terminals network.
2. Calculate the Norton’s current – find the short-circuit
current through the two terminals.

3. Determine RN. Thevenin’s and Norton’s resistance are

equal. = VTh
RN = RTh IN = isc
RTh
Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit & attach back the
variable element.
 Quick Review
Thevenin-Norton Transformation

vTh = voc voc

RTh = = RN
iN = isc isc

Source conversion
Q1. Find current I4 in the circuit of Figure Q1 using Superposition Theorem.

Let I4 = I4A + I4B,where I4A and I4B are due to the E1 and E2
respectively.

To find I4A, consider the E1 voltage source.

I4A

By using voltage divider rule,

3.6
VA  42V 7V
3.6  18
A
 VR 4 VA (parallel connection)
VR 4 7 3.6 Ω R 9 15 10 3.6 
 I4A   0.7 A
R4 10
Q1. Find current I4 in the circuit of Figure Q1 using Superposition Theorem.

Let I4 = I4A + I4B,where I4A and I4B are due to the E1 and E2
respectively. RB 18 9 6 

To find I4B, consider the E2 voltage source.

I4B
E2 24 I
I  2 A
RA  RB 6  6

 VR 4 VRA I RA
(parallel connection)
RB = 6 Ω RA = 6 Ω RA 15 10 6 
VR 4 2 6
 I4B   1.2 A
R4 10
 I 4 I 4 A  I 4 B 0.7  1.2 1.9 A
Q2. Find voltage vo in the circuit of Figure Q2 below using Superposition Theorem.
Let vo = vo1 + vo2 + vo3, where vo1 + vo2 and vo3 are due to
the 2 A, 12 V and 19 V respectively. 4 12 3 
6 3 2 
To find vo1, consider the 2 A current source.
vo1
By using current divider rule,
2 3
I2  2 A 1A I2
2 35

 vo1 15 5V vo1

I1
Q2. Find voltage vo in the circuit of Figure Q2 below using Superposition Theorem.
Let vo = vo1 + vo2 + vo3, where vo1 + vo2 and vo3 are due to
the 2 A, 12 V and 19 V respectively. 4 12 3 

To find vo2, consider the 12 V voltage source.

By using voltage divider rule, vo2

3 (5  3)
v1  12V 16 V
3 (5  3)  6 5

By using voltage divider rule, I1 I2

5 16
 vo 2   V 2V + vo2
53 5
v1
 I3
 Q2. Find voltage vo in the circuit of Figure Q2 below using Superposition Theorem.
Let vo = vo1 + vo2 + vo3, where vo1 + vo2 and vo3 are due to
the 2 A, 12 V and 19 V respectively. 6 3 2 
To find vo3, consider the 19 V voltage source.
By using voltage divider rule, Vo3
12 (5  2)
v2  19V 9.975V
12 (5  2)  4

By using voltage divider rule, I2

5
 vo 3  9.975V  7.125V
52 V +
 vo vo1  vo 2  vo 3 5  2  7.125 I1  125mV
o3
 negative value due the current  v2
   I3
 flow from low to high potential 
Q3. For the circuit shown in Figure Q3,
(a) Find the Norton equivalent circuit at terminal a-b.

Determine RN (total resistance at terminal a-b)

 RN 5 (4  6) 3.333  RN
Q3. For the circuit shown in Figure Q3,
(a) Find the Norton equivalent circuit at terminal a-b.

Determine IN (short circuit current at terminal a-b)

18V + 12V

4 + 6 Ground
I1 V 3 4 12V
(source conversion)

I2
I3
Q3. For the circuit shown in Figure Q3,
(a) Find the Norton equivalent circuit at terminal a-b.
18V + 12V
 +
Determine IN (short circuit current at terminal a-b)
4 + 6 Ground
Determine I1 by using KVL, I1
Vba 10 I1  30 0
 +
30 I2
 I1  3 A
10 IN

Determine I 2 by using KVL, Using KCL at node a,

Vba 5 I 2  10 0 2  I N  I1  I 2 Node a is short to ground
10 I N 3  2  2 Va Vb 0V
 I1  2 A
5  I N 3 A
Q3. For the circuit shown in Figure Q3,
(a) Find the Norton equivalent circuit at terminal a-b.
(b) Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminal a-b.
RTh = RN
3.333

Source conversion
IN RN VTh
3A 3.333 10V
VTh I N RN 3 3.333 10V

Norton equivalent circuit

 Q4. Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminal a-b from the network given in
Figure Q4: A B

Determine RTh (total resistance at terminal a-b)

R1
R2
A B RTh

RC R3
18
RTh C
RB RA Y- conversion
R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
18 18 Ra  18
R1
R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
Rb  18
C C R2
R1 R2  R2 R3  R3 R1
Rc  18
R3
 Q4. Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminal a-b from the network given in
Figure Q4:
1.8 

Determine RTh (total resistance at terminal a-b)

2 18 1.8  RTh
1.8  1.8 
A B

RC
18
RTh
RB RA  RTh (1.8  1.8) 1.8 1.2 
18 18

C C
2 18 1.8  2 18 1.8 
Q4. Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminal a-b from the network given in
Figure Q4:
+ 
Determine VTh using mesh analysis +  + 
(open circuit voltage at terminal a-b) + i2  +
At mesh 1,
  +
 + VTh
(2  6  6)i1  6i2  6i3  12  12 0 +
i1
 + i3 
14i1  6i2  6i3 24 
+
7i1  3i2  3i3 12   (1)

At mesh 2, At mesh 3,
 6i1  (2  6  6)i2  6i3 0  6i1  6i2  (2  6  6)i3  12  12 0
 6i1  14i2  6i3 0  6i1  6i2  14i3  24
 3i1  7i2  3i3 0   (2)  3i1  3i2  7i3  12   (3)
Q4. Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit at terminal a-b from the network given in
Figure Q4:
+ 
Determine VTh using mesh analysis +  + 
(open circuit voltage at terminal a-b) + i2  +
  +
7i1  3i2  3i3 12   (1)  + VTh
+
 3i1  7i2  3i3 0   (2)
i1
 + i3  
 3i1  3i2  7i3  12   (3) +
By solving the 3 linear equations,
i3  1.2 A RTh
Determine VTh by using KVL, VTh 1.2
VTh 12  V2  9.6V

VTh 12  ( 1.2) 2 9.6V

Q5. Determine and at terminal b-c from the circuit given in Figure Q5.

Determine RTh (total resistance at terminal b-c)

Ignore due to
 RTh (2  3  4) 5 3.21  open circuit

RTh
Q5. Determine and at terminal b-c from the circuit given in Figure Q5.

Determine VTh (open circuit voltage at terminal b-c)

At node 1, Ignore
I1 due to
open circuit
I1  2  I 2 V1
I1 1 +
24  V1 V1  0
2 
2 34 5 I2
VTh
V1 15V

ground 
 VTh Vbc V1
VTh 15V
Q6. Find current i using the Norton equivalent of the circuit in Figure Q6.

Determine RN (total resistance at terminal a-b)

 RN 6  4 10  RN
Q6. Find current i using the Norton equivalent of the circuit in Figure Q6.

Determine IN using mesh analysis

(short circuit current at terminal a-b)

IN
At mesh 1,
i1 i2
i1 2

At mesh 2,
 4i1  10i2  12 0
 12  4i1
i2  (i1 2)  I N i2
10
 i2  0.4 A  I N  0.4 A
Q6. Find current i using the Norton equivalent of the circuit in Figure Q6.

Determine i using current divider rule

10 IN RN
i  (4  0.4) 2.4 A
10  5 0.4 A 10
Q7. For the circuit shown in Figure Q7,
(a) Obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit.

Determine RTh (total resistance at terminal a-b)

RTh
 RTh 2  4  6 12 
Q7. For the circuit shown in Figure Q7, V2 4 2 8V
(a) Obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit. (source conversion )

Determine VTh (open circuit voltage at terminal a-b) +

Determine VTh by using KVL, VTh

 8  2  4  6 I  12  VTh  20 0 
VTh 8  12  20 40V  I 0 A
12V
V1 6 2 12V
+ (source conversion )
8V I VTh

Q7. For the circuit shown in Figure Q7,
(a) Obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit.
(b) Calculate current flows through RL if RL is 8 Ω.

RTh
RTh 12
VTh 12
40V

VTh RL
40V 8
Thevenin equivalent circuit VTh 40
I RL   2 A
RTh  RL 12  8
Q7. For the circuit shown in Figure Q7,
(a) Obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit.
(b) Calculate current flows through RL if RL is 8 Ω.
(c) Find RL for maximum power transfer.
(d) Determine the maximum power.
RTh
12

For maximum power transfer,

RL RTh 12
VTh RL
40V 8
Maximum power transfer,
VTh2 40 2
PL (max)   33.33W
4 RTh 4 12
Q8. For the circuit given in Figure Q8,
(a) Find for maximum power transfer.
(b) Determine the maximum power. RTh

(a) RL = RTh (maximum power)

RTh R1 R2 4 4 2 
 RL RTh 2 
Q8. For the circuit given in Figure Q8,
(a) Find for maximum power transfer. +
(b) Determine the maximum power.
VTh
2
V
(b) PL max   Th
-
4 RTh
Determine VTh via Superposition Theorem

Let VTh = V1 + V2, where V1 and V2 are due to the E and I respectively.
Q8. For the circuit given in Figure Q8, I
(a) Find for maximum power transfer. +
(b) Determine the maximum power.
V1
2
V
(b) PL max   Th
-
4 RTh
Determine VTh via Superposition Theorem

Let VTh = V1 + V2, where V1 and V2 are due to the E and I respectively.

To find V1, consider the E voltage source.

By using voltage divider rule,

R2 4
V1  E  24 12V
R1  R2 44
Q8. For the circuit given in Figure Q8,
(a) Find for maximum power transfer. I2 +
(b) Determine the maximum power.
V2
V 2 I1
(b) PL max   Th
-
4 RTh
Determine VTh via Superposition Theorem

Let VTh = V1 + V2, where V1 and V2 are due to the E and I respectively.

To find V2, consider the I current source.

VTh V1  V2 12  10 22V
By using current divider rule,
R1 4  PL (max) 
V 2

Th 22 
2
60.5 W
I2  I  5 2.5 A
R1  R2 44 4 RTh 4 2

V2 VR 2 I 2 R2 2.5 4 10V

Q9. For the network shown in Figure Q9:
(a) Obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit to the left of terminal a-b. Use the result to
determine the current flow through if Ω.

Determine RTh

RTh R3 ( R1  R2 ) 3 (4  1) 1.875 

RTh
Q9. For the network shown in Figure Q9:
(a) Obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit to the left of terminal a-b. Use the result to
determine the current flow through if Ω.

V IR1 8 4 32V
Determine VTh
(source conversion)
a
a

+
+
VTh
32 V VTh
-
-

b
b
Q9. For the network shown in Figure Q9:
(a) Obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit to the left of terminal a-b. Use the result to
determine the current flow through if Ω.
By using KVL,
 V  I1 ( R1  R2  R3 )  E 0

a  32  I1 (4  1  3)  12 0
 I1 5.5 A
I1 By using KVL,
+

32 V VTh  V  I1 ( R1  R2 )  VTh 0
- VTh V  I1 ( R1  R2 )
VTh 32  5.5 (4  1)
b VTh 4.5V
Q9. For the network shown in Figure Q9:
(a) Obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit to the left of terminal a-b. Use the result to
determine the current flow through if Ω.

RTh

VTh 4.5 IL
 IL   0.267 A 1.875 Ω
RTh  RL 1.875  15
VTh 4.5 V RL
15 Ω
Q9. For the network shown in Figure Q9:
(a) Obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit to the left of terminal a-b. Use the result to
determine the current flow through if Ω.
(b) Use superposition theorem to verify your answer in part (a).

Let IL = IL1 + IL2,where IL1 and IL2 are due to the E and I respectively.

To find IL1, consider the E voltage source.

E 12 ILL1
I1   1.778 A
( R1  R2 ) R L  R3 (4  1) 15  3
I1
By using current divider rule,
R1  R2
I L1  I 3  I1 I2 I3
R1  R2  RL
4 1
I L1  1.778  0.444 A
4  1  15
Q9. For the network shown in Figure Q9:
(a) Obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit to the left of terminal a-b. Use the result to
determine the current flow through if Ω.
(b) Use superposition theorem to verify your answer in part (a).

Let IL = IL1 + IL2,where IL1 and IL2 are due to the E and I respectively.

To find IL2, consider the I current source.

By using current divider rule, ILL2

I3
R1 I4
I4  I
R1  R2  R3 R L I5

4
I4  8 4.267 A
4  1  3 15
Q9. For the network shown in Figure Q9:
(a) Obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit to the left of terminal a-b. Use the result to
determine the current flow through if Ω.
(b) Use superposition theorem to verify your answer in part (a).

Let IL = IL1 + IL2,where IL1 and IL2 are due to the E and I respectively.

To find IL2, consider the I current source.

ILL2
I3
By using current divider rule, I4
R3 3 I5
I L2  I 4  4.267 0.711 A
R3  RL 3  15

 I L I L1  I L 2  0.444  0.711 0.267 A

Q9. For the network shown in Figure Q9:
(a) Obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit to the left of terminal a-b. Use the result to
determine the current flow through if Ω.
(b) Use superposition theorem to verify your answer in part (a).
(c) (i) Find the value of for maximum power transfer.
(ii) What is the maximum power of ?

RTh
(i) RL = RTh =1.875 Ω (maximum power)
1.875 Ω IL
(ii) PL (max) 
V 2
Th

4. 5 
2
2.7 W
4 RTh 4 1.875
VTh 4.5 V RL
15 Ω
 Q10. Refer to Figure Q10.
(i) Find in the circuit by using Superposition theorem.

Let vo = vo1 + vo2 + vo3, where vo1, vo2 and vo3 are due to the 10V, 2 A and 5V respectively.

To find vo1, consider the 10V source.

By using voltage divider rule,

2
vo1  10V 2.22V
5  2  4 4 
I1 vo1 I2

I3
Q10. Refer to Figure Q10.
(i) Find in the circuit by using Superposition theorem.

Let vo = vo1 + vo2 + vo3, where vo1, vo2 and vo3 are due to the 10V, 2 A and 5V respectively.

To find vo2, consider the 2A source.

R 4 4 2 
By using current divider rule,
5
I1  2 A 1.11 A
522
vo2
I2
 vo 2 2 I1 2 1.11 2.22V
I1
Q10. Refer to Figure Q10.
(i) Find in the circuit by using Superposition theorem.

Let vo = vo1 + vo2 + vo3, where vo1, vo2 and vo3 are due to the 10V, 2 A and 5V respectively.

To find vo3, consider the 5V source.  vo vo1  vo 2  vo 3 2.22  2.22  0.55 3.89V
By using voltage divider rule,
4 (2  5)
v1  5V 1.94V
4 (2  5)  4
vo3
By using voltage divider rule, I1
I2 +
2 v1
vo 3  1.94V  0.55V I3
2 5 
Q10. Refer to Figure Q10.
(i) Find in the circuit by using Superposition theorem.
(ii) Verify your answer in part (i) with nodal analysis.
10V 1 V1 V2 2 5V
At node 1,
I1  2  I 2
I1 I2 I4
10  V1 V1  V2
2  I3
5 2
7V1  5V2 40   (1)

At node 2, ground
I 2  I 4 I 3 By solving the 2 linear equation,
V1  V2 5  V2 V2 V1 10.28V , V2 6.39V
 
2 4 4
 2V1  4V2 5   (2)  vo V1  V2 3.89V