Chapter-2

Decoder
Encoder

MUX
Decoder
 Accepts a value and decodes it

Output corresponds to value of n
inputs

 Consists of:

Inputs (n)

Outputs (2n , numbered from 0  2n - 1)

Selectors / Enable (active high or active
low)
The truth table of 2-to-4
Decoder
2-to-4 Decoder
2-to-4 Decoder
The truth table of 3-to-8
Decoder (Remaining values in truth table will be
Zeroes)

A2 A1 A0 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
3-to-8 Decoder
3-to-8 Decoder with
Enable
Decoder Expansion
 Decoder expansion
 Combine two or more small decoders

with enable inputs to form a larger

decoder

 3-to-8-line decoder constructed from two

2-to-4-line decoders

The (Most Significant Bit) MSB is connected to
the enable inputs

if A2=0, upper is enabled; if A2=1, lower is
enabled.
Decoder Expansion
 Combining two 2-4 decoders to
form one 3-8 decoder using
enable switch

The highest bit is used for the enables

2-to-4 Decoder: NAND
implementation
Decoder is enabled when E=0 and an output is
active if it is 0
Outline
 Decoder
 Encoder
 Mux
Encoders

 Perform the inverse operation of a

decoder
 2n (or less) input lines and n

output lines
 Encoders

 Perform the inverse operation of a decoder

2n (or less) input lines and n output lines

Table: Truth Table for Octal-to-Binary

Encoders
Encoders can be implemented with OR gates whose inputs
are determined directly from the truth table. Output Ao=1 if
the input octal digit is 1 or 3 or5 or 7. Similar conditions
apply for the other two outputs. These can be expresses by
the following Boolean functions with 3 OR gates
A0 = D1 + D3 + D5 + D7;
A1 = D2 + D3 + D6 + D7;
A2 = D4 + D5 + D6 + D7;
Outline
 Decoder
 Encoder
 Mux
Multiplexer (MUX)

A multiplexer can use addressing bits to

select one of several input bits to be the
output.

 A selector chooses a single data input

and passes it to the MUX output
 It has one output selected at a time.
Function table with
enable
 4 to 1 line multiplexer

4 to 1 line
multiplexer
S1 S0 F
2n MUX to 1
0 0 I0
n for this MUX is 2 0 1 I1

This means 2 1 0 I2

selection lines s0 1 1 I3

and s1
Multiplexer (MUX)
 Consists of:

Inputs (multiple) = 2n

Output (single)

Selectors (# depends on # of inputs) = n

Enable (active high or active low)
 Multiplexers versus
decoders
• A Multiplexer uses n binary select bits to choose from a
maximum of 2n unique input lines.

•Decoders have 2^n number of output lines while

multiplexers have only one output line.

•The output of the multiplexer is the data input whose index is

specified by the n bit code.
 Multiplexer Versus
I3
Decoder

I2

I1

I0
S1

S0

2-to-4 Decoder
4-to-1 Multiplexer
Note that the multiplexer has an extra OR gate. A1 and A0 are the two inputs
in decoder. There are four inputs plus two selecs in multiplexer.
Binary Counter (example of sequential circuit): A register that
goes through a predetermined sequence of states upon the
application of input pulses is called a counter. They may occur
at uniform intervals of time. They are used for counting no. of
occurrences of an event A counter that follows the binary
number sequence is called a binary counter. There are two
types of counters: Binary up counter and Binary down counter.
2-bit binary up counter generates values iteratively in
ascending order e.g.

00
01
10
11

while 2-bit binary down counter generates values in descending

order e.g. 11, 10, 01, 00
Registers

• A common sequential device: Registers

– They’re a good example of sequential analysis and design

– They are also frequently used in building larger sequential circuits

• Registers hold larger quantities of data than individual flip-flops

– Registers are central to the design of modern processors

– There are many different kinds of registers
– We’ll show some applications of
these special registers

27
What good are registers?

• Flip-flops are limited because they can store only one bit

• A register is an extension of a flip-flop that can store multiple bits

• Registers are commonly used as temporary storage in a processor

– They are faster and more convenient than main memory

– More registers can help speed up complex calculations

28
 A basic register
• Basic registers are easy to build. We can store multiple bits just by putting a bunch of flip-flops
together!

• A 4-bit register is given below

– This register uses D flip-flops, so it’s easy to store data without worrying about flip-flop input
equations
– All the flip-flops share a common CLK and CLR signal
– -With each rising edge of clock pulse data is inputted as Do, D1, D2 and D3 and as D-flip-flop is
used so finally same values are retained in flip-flops so as to be generated as final output
values of Qo,Q1,Q2 and Q3
– Clear input is used for clearing all values of register 0’s before clock operation

29
 Adding a parallel load operation
• Tranfer of new information into a registe ris referred to as loading a register
• The input D3-D0 is copied to the output Q3-Q0 on every clock cycle
• How can we store the current value for more than one cycle?
• Let’s add a load input signal LD to the register
– If LD = 0, the register keeps its current contents
– If LD = 1, the register stores a new value, taken from inputs D 3-D0

LD Q(t+1)
0 Q(t)
1 D3-D0

30
Types of ROM
•PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory:
Creating ROM chips totally from scratch is time-consuming and very expensive in small quantities. For this reason, developers created a type of ROM known
as programmable read-only memory (PROM). Blank PROM chips can be bought inexpensively and coded by the user with a programmer. PROM chips have a
grid of columns and rows just as ordinary ROMs do. It can be programmed using electrical fuses

•EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

Working with ROMs and PROMs can be a wasteful business. Even though they are inexpensive per chip, the cost can add up over time. Erasable
programmable read-only memory (EPROM) addresses this issue. EPROM chips can be rewritten many times. Erasing an EPROM requires a special tool that
emits a certain frequency of ultraviolet (UV) light.

•EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only

Memory
•Though EPROMs are a big step up from PROMs in terms of reusability, they still require dedicated equipment and a labor-intensive process to remove and
reinstall them each time a change is necessary. Also, changes cannot be made incrementally to an EPROM; the whole chip must be erased. Electrically
erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) chips remove the biggest drawbacks of EPROMs.

In EEPROMs:
•The chip does not have to removed to be rewritten.
•The entire chip does not have to be completely erased to change a specific portion of it.
•Changing the contents does not require additional dedicated equipment.