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LEcture 3

Chemical engineering Lecture

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Bakhtawar Muntaha
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5 views

LEcture 3

Chemical engineering Lecture

Uploaded by

Bakhtawar Muntaha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Coal Gasification Technology

• Coal gasification technology efficiently converts coal


into: Power, chemicals, fertilizers, and fuels.
• Clean technology that decomposes coal into
components using steam and oxygen at high pressure
and temperature.
• Produces synthesis gas (syngas): a mixture of carbon
monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H₂).
• Utilized for methanol production as an alternative
energy source.
Major Applications of Coal
Gasification
• Power generation
• Fertilizer production
• Methanol synthesis
• Hydrogen production
• Hydrocarbon production

Coal gasification is the only direct route to produce


hydrogen from coal.
Process Overview
• Reaction:

• Stages of the process:


1. Pre-treatment of Coal
2. Gasification
3. Gas Cleaning
4. Gas Beneficiation
Reactions in Coal Gasification
Selection of Suitable Coal for
Gasification
• Critical properties to choose appropriate coal at the
initial stage based on :
• Sulfur content
• Fixed carbon
• Oxygen levels
• Ash and volatile content

Sub-bituminous coal: Lowest sulfur content compared to


lignite and bituminous coal.
Gas Cleaning & Acid Gas
Removal
• Removal of acid gases (H₂S, CO₂) is crucial for syngas
preparation.
• Low sulfur content in coal minimizes unwanted products
like H₂S and CO2.
Methanol Production
• Syngas ideally has a 1:2 CO to H₂ ratio.
Coal Preparation
Pre-treatment step:
• Coal is dried and crushed/pulverized for fluid or
entrained bed gasifiers.
• Moisture removal by drying is essential.
• Caking coals may require partial oxidation for easier
gasifier operation.
• For fixed bed gasifiers, briquetting of fine coal particles
is necessary.
Gasification
• Reactor Charging: Pre-treated coal is fed into the gasification
reactor.
• Reactions: Coal reacts with oxygen (or air) and steam.
• Operates at 800–1900°C and up to 10 MPa pressure.
• Gas Content: When coal is burned with less than a stoichiometric
quantity of air, with or without steam, the product is a low-heat-
content gas, which after purification can be used as fuel gas.
• Using oxygen instead of air yields a medium-heat-content gas.
• Shift Conversion: Some of CO must be reacted with steam by
shift conversion to get additional hydrogen
• Ash Removal: Ashes are removed as molten slag or in dry form.
Purification of Product Gas
Gas Composition: Contains CO, CO₂, H₂, CH₄, organic
vapors, and H₂S.
If air is used, nitrogen is also present.
Impurities: Particulates like coal dust, ash, and tar
aerosols.
Purification Steps:
• Gas Quenching: Removes tar and oil.
• Acid Gas Removal: Uses solvent treatment technology
to absorb acid gases (e.g., H₂S, COS, CO₂).
• Methanol can be used as a solvent for absorption.
Different Gasification
Techniques
1. Fixed Bed Gasifier
2. Moving Bed Gasifier
3. Fluid Bed Gasifier
4. Entrained-Flow Gasifiers
Moving Bed Gasifier
• Coal bed moves downwards counter-currently with air.
• Lowest oxygen consumption.
• Operates at low temperatures, leading to:
• Slower reaction rates.
• Increased maintenance costs.
Fluid Bed Gasifier
• Provides good mixing and has low overall cost.
• Carbon conversion rate is lower due to:
• Some carbon loss with ash.
• Suitable for low-rank coals like lignite as opposed to
sub-bituminous.
Entrained-Flow Gasifier
• Fine coal particles react with steam and oxygen co-
currently.
• Operates at high temperatures, leading to:
• High carbon conversion (~99%).
• Destruction of tar and oil, yielding pure syngas.
• High oxygen demand and sensitivity to high ash
content.

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