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9 views

2 Concepts

Uploaded by

Harsh Kumar mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Syste

m system is whatever we want to study. It may be as


The
simple as a free body or as complex as an entire
power plant. We may want to study a quantity of
matter contained within a closed, rigid-walled tank, or
we may want to consider something such as a pipeline
through which natural gas flows.
Closed System (also known as a control mass) consists
of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its
boundary. But energy, in the form of heat or work, can
cross the boundary.
•The volume of a closed system does not have to be
fixed.

As a special case, even energy is not allowed to cross


the boundary, that system is called an isolated system
Open system, or a control volume, as it is often called,
is a properly selected region in space. It usually encloses
a device that involves mass flow such as a compressor,
turbine, or nozzle. Flow through these
devices is best studied by selecting the region within the
device as the control volume.
•Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a
control volume.
Selecting the System Boundary
•The system boundary should be defined carefully
before proceeding with any thermodynamic analysis.
• In general, the choice of system boundary is
governed by two considerations:
(1) what is known about a possible system,
particularly at its boundaries, and
(2) the objective of the analysis.

A proper choice of the system may


greatly simplify the analysis.
Macroscopic and Microscopic Views of
Thermodynamics
The macroscopic approach: Concerned with the gross or
overall behavior of system. This is sometimes called
classical thermodynamics. No model of the structure of
matter at the molecular, atomic, and subatomic levels is
directly used in classical thermodynamics.
The microscopic approach: Concerned directly with the
structure of matter (known as statistical
thermodynamics). The objective of statistical
thermodynamics is to characterize by statistical means
the average behavior of the particles making up a
system of interest and relate this information to the
observed macroscopic behavior of the system.
Advantage of classical thermodynamics

For a wide range of engineering applications,


classical thermodynamics not only provides a
considerably more direct approach for analysis
and design but also requires far fewer
mathematical complications.
•Property is a macroscopic characteristic of a system
(such as mass, volume, energy, pressure, and
temperature) by which we can describe the system
behavior (physical condition)
•State refers to the condition of a system as described by
the definite values of properties.
•When any of the properties of a system change, the
state changes and the system is said to have undergone a
process. A process is a transformation from one state to
another. (Isobaric, Isochoric processes)
•When a system in a given initial state
goes through a number of different
changes of state or processes and
finally returns to its initial state, the
system has undergone a cycle.
A property is called extensive if its value for an overall
system is the sum of its values for the parts into which
the system is divided. Mass, volume, energy, are
extensive. Extensive properties depend on the size or
extent of a system.

Intensive properties are independent of the size or


extent of a system. Pressure, temperature and density
are important intensive properties.

Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific


properties (intensive also).
Some examples of specific properties are specific
volume (v= V/m) and specific total energy (e= E/m).
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
Equilibrium state :No unbalanced potentials within the
system. A system in equilibrium experiences no changes in
properties when it is isolated from its surroundings.
•Mechanical equilibrium is related to pressure, and a
system is in mechanical equilibrium if there is no change
in pressure at any point of the system.
•Thermal equilibrium if the temperature is same
throughout the entire system, as that is, the system
involves no temperature differential, which is the driving
force for heat flow.
•Chemical equilibrium if its chemical composition does not
change with time, that is, no chemical reactions occur.
A system will not be in thermodynamic equilibrium
unless all the relevant equilibrium criteria are satisfied.
Quasi- equilibrium
Process
Let us consider the equilibrium of a system as it
undergoes a change in state. The moment the weight is
removed from the piston, mechanical equilibrium does
not exist; as a result, the piston is moved upward until
mechanical equilibrium is restored.

A quasi-equilibrium process is one in which the deviation


from thermodynamic equilibrium is infinitesimal, and all
the states the system passes through during a quasi-
equilibrium process may be considered equilibrium states.
A quasi-equilibrium process can be viewed as a
sufficiently slow process that allows the system to
adjust itself internally so that properties in one part
of the system do not change any faster than those at
other parts.

For nonquasi-equilibrium processes, we are not able


to characterize the entire system by a single state,
and thus we cannot speak of a process path for a
system as a whole. A nonquasi-equilibrium process
is denoted by a dashed line between the initial and
final states instead of a solid line.
P-v diagram of a compression process
(quasi-equilibrium process)

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