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S-7 OFSM Based System For NLOS Gb/s and System Architecture

Its a complete note on S-7 OFSM based system for NLOS Gb/s and System Architecture

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7 views

S-7 OFSM Based System For NLOS Gb/s and System Architecture

Its a complete note on S-7 OFSM based system for NLOS Gb/s and System Architecture

Uploaded by

iamjasper2024
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit-4

S-7 OFDM based System for


NLOS Gb/s and System
architecture
Trends in 802.11 WLANs
• PHY data rate increases
– 802.11n up to 600Mbps
– 802.11ac/ad up to >1Gbps

• Data throughput efficiency degrades with PHY data rate

2
Reasons for Low Throughput Efficiency
• Contention resolution overhead due to CSMA
• Coarse-grained channel allocation
– Whole channel allocated to a single station

3
Possible solutions

• Reduce overhead
– Infeasible, physical laws/technology

• Increase useful channel time – frame aggregation


– OK, used in 802.11n but
– Practical limitations: 80% efficiency at 300Mbps
requires frame size of 23KB!

4
An Alternative Approach
Fine-Grained channel Access (FICA)

• Divide channel into smaller sub channels

• Multiple users contend for and use sub channels


simultaneously
– Based on traffic demands

• Amortize MAC coordination, increase channel


efficiency
5
Challenges
• Need to avoid interference between neighbor
subchannels

• Traditional approach: guard bands


– High overhead

• OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing


– “Eliminates” need for guard bands
– Requires tight synchronization (100s of nsec)

6
OFDM Concepts
• System bandwidth is divided into a set of parallel overlapping,
yet orthogonal sub-bands independent to each other
• Data is first split into independent streams, which modulate
different sub-carriers
• Then are multiplexed to create OFDM signal
• OFDM is a special case of FDM
• Significantly improves spectral efficiency
• Avoid the need for steep band pass filters
• Avoids the need of a bank of oscillators, since can be
implanted digitally

7
OFDM Architecture

8
Operation
• Typically PSK or QAM modulations schemes are used
• IFFT performs the transformation efficiently and ensures
orthogonally of the subcarriers
• Output of IFFT is

• Number of computations are significantly reduced by IFFT


• IFFT needs that the number of sub-carriers be an integer to the
power of 2
• Unused sub-carriers are set to zero
• Complexity of OFDM system is largely determined by IFFT points
• More IFFT points demands more power, but enhances resolution

9
OFDM – High Level Overview
• Divides spectrum into many small,
partially overlapping subcarriers

• Subcarrier frequencies
“orthogonal” to each other

• OFDM system with FFT size N


– N subcarriers, each with
bandwidth B/N

10
OFDM as multi-access technology
• Different stations assigned different subcarriers in the same
channel
– WiMAX, LTE
• Symbol timing alignment is critical

• Requires tight synch with cellular BS


– Use of guard times, CP (cyclic prefic)

– 802.11: CP-to-symbol length ratio 1:4 (0.8μs to 3.2μs)


11
OFDM-based Channel Access in WLANs
• Challenge 1: Coordinate random access among multiple stations
– Cannot use cellular-type synchronization
– Need a new OFDM architecture for distributed coordination

• Challenge 2: Longer symbol length to maintain 1:4 CP-to-symbol


length ratio
– Makes back off mechanism inefficient
– Need new MAC contention mechanism, new backoff scheme

12
• Design and implementation of FICA
– Cross-layer architecture based on OFDM
– Enables fine-grained sub channel random access in
WLANs

• Two key techniques


– New PHY architecture based on OFDM
– Novel frequency domain contention method

13
Advantages of OFDM
• It permits densely packed & overlapping sub-carriers
• Offers spectrally efficient transmission scheme
• Can be digitally implemented using fast & efficient signal
processing
• Permits flexible use of spectrum
• Supports different modulation schemes based on channel
conditions
• Almost completely avoids the need for an equalizer

14
Disadvantages of OFDM
• A number of independently modulated sub-carriers
results in HIGH PAPR
• Non-linear power amplifier, efficient, but cannot be
used
• High PAPR also increases complexity of ADC &
DAC
• Causing performance degradation due to high
distortion & out of band radiations

15
FICA Overview
• Uplink transmission

• Downlink transmission similar

16
Symbol Time Misalignment
• Using carrier sensing

• Using reference broadcast

17
PHY Architecture
• Each 802.11 channel (20Mhz)
divided into 1.33Mhz sub
channels
– 14 + guard band
• Each sub channel divided into
17 subcarriers
– 16 + pilot
• Data is transmitted over all 16
subcarriers

18
Frequency Domain Contention
• Allocate K subcarriers per sub channel
– Contention band

• Each node contending for a sub channel picks


randomly a subcarrier and sends a ‘1’ in M-RTS

• AP arbitrates contention and sends winning


subcarriers in M-CTS

19
Issues in Frequency Domain
Contention
• What if 2 nodes choose the same subcarrier?
– Collision
– No transmission

• How large should K be?


– K=16 (initial back off value in 802.11)

• Who is returning M-CTS?


– Only potential receivers
– Allocate 40 subcarriers, hash receiver’s ID into 0..39, set
appropriate subcarrier
20
M-RTS, M-CTS

21
Downlink Transmission
• AP can transmit simultaneously to many clients
– Different subchannels per client, has to contend for each
subchannel

• Two-way traffic
– FICA uses no backoff, AP and station can send M-RTS
simultaneously
• Solution: use different DIFS to prioritize transmissions
– Fixed DIFS to all stations, 2 DIFS to AP
– If AP uses short DIFS, use long DIFS next time
– If AP receives M-RTS, use short DIFS next time
– Fair interleaving of uplink-downlink, not among all stations

22
Multiple Domains – Hidden Terminals
• Hidden terminals
– Collisions may cause M-RTS/M-CTS loss
– Random backoff after M-CTS loss

• Multiple domains
– Nodes may receive inconsistent M-CTS from different nodes
– Node only allowed to transmit if wins contention in all
domains it participates.

23
Simulation Setup
• Event-based simulator
• Only uplink traffic
• Packet loss only due to collisions
• Compare against 802.11n
– No aggregation
– Full aggregation
– Mixed traffic

24
Simulation result No aggregation

25
Simulation result full aggregation

• All nodes saturated, frame size 18KB!

26
Simulation Result Mixed Traffic

27
Evaluation – Time Misalignment

With Broadcasting With Carrier Sensing

28
Demodulation Performance

29
Conclusion
• Trend in 802.11 WLANs
– Throughput efficiency decreases as data rate increases
• Fundamental reason
– Entire wide-band channel allocated to one node

• FICA
– Cross-layer design to enable fine-grained sub channel random
access
– New PHY architecture based on OFDM
– New frequency domain back off scheme

30

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