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6 Migration Concepts

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10 views

6 Migration Concepts

Uploaded by

Jupeter Canete
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Migration

Concepts and Measures

ncr.cpd.gov.ph [email protected] OfficialCPDNCR


POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

The pattern of settlement and


dispersal of population within
a country or subnational area
MIGRATION

Among the components of


change in the demographic
balancing equation (e.g. births,
deaths, and net migration)
migration typically shows the
least stable trends over time
and is the most difficult to
measure.
So, Why Try to Measure it?

Although measuring migration can be


challenging, it is important for:
• Economic planning and rural-urban
development
• Utilities and public spending (sanitation,
education, etc.)
• Internal security
• Understanding society and social change
Definition of Migration
Migration
• A form of geographic or spatial mobility of
people involving a change of usual residence
between clearly defined geographic or
political units during a specified period of
observation for reasons that may be
economic, social, political and/or cultural in
nature.

• is the movement of people into or out of a


geographic area for the purpose of
establishing new permanent residence in the
area by destination, crossing a defined
territorial boundary
Definition of Migration
• It can involve movement within the
country (internal) and across national
borders (international)
MIGRATION MEASURES

1. IN-MIGRATION RATE
- the number of migrants arriving in an
area of destination per 1,000 population of
the destination area in a given year

2. OUT-MIGRATION RATE
- the number of migrants departing or
leaving an area or origin per 1,000
population of that area of origin in a given
year
MIGRATION MEASURES

3. NET MIGRATION RATE


the net effect of in-migration and out-migration on
an area’s population, expressed as increase or
decrease per 1,000 population of the area in a
given year
Measuring Migration – Challenges
Flows: Gross vs. Net Migration
Gross migration refers to the total number of one-way
movements across a particular boundary (inflows, outflows,
or both).
Example:
• Gross Inflows 205,000
• Gross Outflows 105,000
• Gross Inflows + Outflows 310,000

Net migration is the difference between inflows and outflows


which lead to population growth or decline:
• Net Inflows 100,000
Migration Time Reference
• Lifetime migration
• Current area of residence is
different from the area of
birth
• Period Migration
• Current area of residence is
different from residence in a
specified period prior to
enumeration (e.g. 5 years
(Morrison, Bryan, & Swanson, 2004, p. 493)

ago)
Migration Stream
• Migration Stream
• The group or number of migrants or moves
with the same origin and destination
• Rural to Rural (R-R), Rural to Urban (R-U),
Urban to Rural (U-R), and Urban to Urban (U-
U)
• Counter Stream
• Movement in separate direction (smaller
proportion)
• Balik-probinsya program
Rapid urbanization and increasing internal migration…
Inter-regional period migration streams (in
• Forty percent of Filipinos were lifetime hundred thousands): Philippines, 2018
migrants.
• Most of the Filipino lifetime migrants have
crossed regional boundaries (57%).
• In the last five years, about 15 percent of
Filipinos had migrated (84% internal migration,
14% international migration while 2% had both
internal and international).
• The largest inter-regional migration flows in the
past five years involved at least 250,000
migrants (NCR, CALABARZON, Central Visayas,
Bicol, Western Visayas, Davao, and Eastern
Visayas).

Prepared by UPPI using the circlize package in R as described in Gu, Z., Gu, L., Eils, R., Schlesner, M.,
Source: 2018 National Migration Survey, PSA & UP Population Institute (UPPI)
& Brors, B. (2014)
WHO ARE MIGRANTS?

1. People moving for work (labor migrants)


2. People moving to enroll (students)
3. Those moving for family-related reasons
(e.g., marriage)
4. Internal displacement (wars or forced
migration)
5. International – above categories, plus
refugees, asylum seekers, etc.
FACTORS TO MIGRATION (PUSH AND PULL)
1. Poverty
2. Lack of economic opportunities in area
of origin
3. Unmanaged urbanization
4. Unequal population distribution
5. Environmental problems
• Encroachments to protected areas and
hazardous areas
• Waste management

6. Access and provision of services


(residents vs migrants)
The rapid rate of urbanization sets challenges to housing needs and
overall quality of life in urban areas in the country.

• Housing needs is projected to increase


from 6.5 million housing backlog in
2022 to 22 million by 2040.

• Informal settler families (ISFs) are


estimated at 3.7 million.

• Inadequacy in infrastructure and


service delivery such as water,
sanitation, transportation, energy, and
waste management are evident.

Source: UN Habitat Philippines Country Report 2023, UN Habitat


Some Typical Sources of Data on Migration

• Censuses
• Surveys
• Demographic
• Labor
• Economic
• Immigration Registration Systems
• Example - U.S. Citizenship and
Immigration Services (USCIS)
(formerly Immigration and
Naturalization Service)
Other Sources of Estimates of Migration

• Transport authorities, including records from


• Airports
• Seaports
• Border crossing, etc.
• “Mirror” Statistics – migrant counts by other countries
• Residuals of other estimates in the demographic balancing
equation (more on this later)
• Other administrative records (e.g., tax returns)
• Estimates by various organizations
• United Nations, U.S. Census Bureau, Council of Europe
(TACIS), EuroSTAT, OECD, Transmonee, etc.
Measuring Migration – Challenges
Dejure vs. Defacto
• The measurement of crude migration rates may
be affected by the type of population count used
in the denominator:
• De facto counts refer to those present at the
time of enumeration. Such counts include
visitors.
• De jure counts refer to those present at the time
of enumeration plus those “temporarily absent”
(away for no more than some maximum
specified time period, e.g., 6 months). The
combination of these are referred to as “usual
Other Concepts
a. Area of origin
• The area from which a migrant
moves
b. Area of destination
• The area to which a migrant
moves
8531-7320
(02) 8531-6650
[email protected]

OfficialCPDNCR ncr.cpd.gov.ph

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