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Adaptive Filtering

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6 views

Adaptive Filtering

Uploaded by

nida322502
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRINCIPLE OF

ADAPTIVE
FILTERING
Arun John
Roll no 17
322007
Adaptive Filters
■ These filters are capable of adjusting their
coefficients continuously during transmission of
data and this is done by operating on the received
signal in accordance with some algorithm.
■ These filters are used for adaptive equalization of
channel output and adaptive prediction in Adaptive
Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM). Figure
14.19, shows a adaptive filter structure used for
adaptive equalization.
• The filter structure in figure 14.19, is a tapped-delay-
line filter.
• It consists of a set of delay elements, a set of
multipliers connected to the delay line taps, a
corresponding set of adjustable tap weight and acted to
• The adaptation of the filter is achieved
in the following manner:

• A known discrete-time sequence d(nTs) is


transmitted and the resulting response sequence
y(nTs) from resulting response sequence y(nTs) is
obtained from the filter output at sampling instants.
• (ii) Error sequence e(nTs) is determined by
subtracting desired sequence d(nTs) from resulting
response sequence y(nTs). Transmitted sequence is
also called desired sequence
• d(nTs). e(nTs) = d(nTs)-y(nTs)
• N = 0, 1, …, N-1.where N is the total length of the
sequence.
• (i) The error sequence e(nTs) is used to estimate
the direction in which the weights (A) of the filter
are changed so as to make them approach their
Adaptation procedure is provided by an
algorithm that is called Least-Mean square
(LMS) algorithm. According to this
algorithm, tap weights are adapted and
given as
Use of adaptive Filters
Adaptive filters are used for
• Equalization
• Prediction
(i) By Equalization, we mean the process of correcting
channel induced signal distortion. Channel
equalization is of paramount importance in high
speed transmission of digital data over a band
limited channel. The equalizer is a filter that
compensates for the dispersive effects of a
channel.

(ii) Prediction means the inference of some sample


value from some present and past values of
samples of a signal. Predictors are filters. Predictors
Echo cancellation

• The effect of echo is much severe in satellite communications.


• A device which is used to remove echo is called as an echo canceller or echo
suppressor.
• An echo canceller is inserted in a circuit at any point where access to both
directions of the conversation is available. It starts functioning by detecting
the direction of conversation which is active at any particular time and
inserting attenuation in the idle direction.
• Echo canceller breaks the round-trip path and eliminates echo. The echo
canceller and its arrangement in the network is shown in figure 14.21.
• Echo canceller basically consists of a FIR transversal filter connected between
two paths of the conversation.
• The taps of the transversal filter is adjusted to replicate as closely as possible
Thank you

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