SIMYEMBA GESHOM

1
CAD/CAM/CAE
 COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING (CAD)
Computer Aided Drawing /Drafting is a
process of preparing a drawing of an
object on the screen of a computer.
There are various types of drawings required in different
fields of engineering and science.

 In the field of mechanical engineering the drawing of

machine components and layouts are prepared.

 In the field of civil engineering plans and layouts of

buildings are prepared.

 In all other fields of engineering use of computer is made for

drawing and drafting.
The use of CAD process provides
enhanced graphics capabilities which
allows any designer to

 Conceptualize his ideas

 Modify the design very easily

 Perform animation

 Make design calculations

 Use colures, and fonts

BENEFITS OF CAD
 Improved productivity in drafting.
 Shorter preparation time for drawing.
 Reduced manpower requirements.
 Customer modifications in drawing are easier.
 More efficient operation in drafting.
Improved accuracy of drawing.
Better designs can be evolved.

Cont….
BENEFITS OF CAD
 Revisions are possible.
 Colures can be used to customize the product.
 LIMITATIONS OF CAD
 It require large amount of computer memory.

 The size of the software package is large.

 Skill and judgment are required to prepare the

drawing.
 CAD SOFTWARES
The CAD software is an interpreter or
translator which allows the user to
perform specific type of application or job
related to CAD.
Following are the various type of software
used for drafting: Auto-CAD
Pro-E
 IDEAS
 CATIA
Fluent
Hyper mesh
Abacus
Transys
 AutoCAD
 AutoCAD package is suitable for accurate and prefect
drawing of engineering designs.

 This package is suitable for 2 D & 3 D drawings.

 The Auto-CAD is used by the designers, painters, Civil,
Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics, Civil engineers in
their field.

 Line, curves, text and filling point are the essential

elements used for preparation of any drawing on the
screen.

 Computer aided drafting is done by the operators by

placing the mouse pointer at the desired location and
then executing the command to draw the graphic
elements using different methods.
AutoCAD package utilize four areas on the screen:
(I) Drawing area, (II) Command area, (III) Menu area, (IV) Tool
boxes.

Auto-CAD 2001 Drawing1.dwg

Menu area File Edit View Insert Format Tools

Tool Boxes

Command Area

Fig 1.1
Drawing area: To provide space to prepare a drawing.

Command area: To allow the entry of various commands

for preparing the drawings.

Menu area: It consists number of dialog boxes which can

be utilized for preparing the drawings.

Tool boxes: To allow selection of various options for the

drawing.
 The drawing is prepared in the drawing area by sequence
of individual commands supplied in command area or
selection in menu in windows.

 The Auto-CAD drawing area provides cross hairs, which

are the two lines at right angles and the crossing point is a
point of selection.
 The cross hairs are connected to mouse and the crossing
point can be scrolled up-down and right-left.
 The operation of drawing can either be performed by
menus operated by mouse or by using commands.
The major functions performed by CAD system are:
 Basic setup of drawing
 Drawing of objects using various elements
 Changing of properties of object
 Transformations on object
 Text
 Dimensioning
 Filling of objects with different patterns
 Creating libraries

The drawing area of Auto-CAD is designated by x and y

co-ordinates measured in terms of decimal values.
The screen area can be reduced or enlarged by use of
the ‘Zoom’ tool and the display of drawing can be
reduced or enlarged on the screen.
 Auto-CAD provides two drawing environment for
creating laying out your drawing:

(I) Model space

(II) Paper space

 Auto-CAD usually allows creating drawing, called a

model, in full scale in an area known as model space
without regard to the final layout or size when the
drawing is plotted on paper.

 When the printing is carried out, it is possible to arrange

the elements of drawing on “sheet of paper “in paper
space. Conceptually, paper space represents the paper
on which the drawing is to be plotted.
 UTILITY COMMANDS
The utility commands are those commands which
control the basic functions of AutoCAD.
 HELP: Lists all the Auto-CAD commands.
 END: Returns to the main menu and updates (saves) the drawings file.
 QUIT: Returns to the main menu without updating the drawing file.
 SAVE: Saves the current drawing and remains in the drawing editor screen
for further editing.
 LIMITS: Allows changing the upper and lower limits of the drawing area
while working on a drawing.
For example to set the screen for A3 size (420x297),
following steps are to be carried out:
Command: limits 
ON/OFF/lower left corner 0.000, 0.000 or current : 
Upper right corner 12.000, 9.000 : 420,297 
This will set the drawing screen of A3 size.
Note:  Sign shows “press enter”.
GRIDS: It displays a dot grid in the current view port.
Command: grid 
Grid spacing (x) or ON/OFF/Snap/Aspect/<current>: specify a
value or enter an option.
Snap- Sets the grid spacing to the current snap interval as set
by the snap command.
Aspect- Sets the grid to a different spacing in x & y.
SNAP: It restricts cursor movement to specified intervals.
Command: snap 
Snap spacing or ON/OFF/Aspect/Rotate/Style/<current>: specify
a distance, enter an option or press enter.
Spacing- Activates snap mode with the value you specify.
Rotate- Sets the rotation of the snap grid.
Style- format of the snap grid, standard or isometric.
ORTHO: Constrains cursor movement to the
horizontal or vertical.
OSNAP: Allows to select specify points on an object.
e.g. endpoints, midpoints, intersection etc.
POLAR: Allows cursor movement to the horizontal or
vertical.
DRAW/BASIC COMMANDS OF AutoCAD
(Drawing Entities)
POINT
Plot a point at the location (8, 6) (8,6)

Command: point 
Point: 8, 6  (0, 0)

LINE
Lines can be drawn by any one of the following
three methods using LINE command.
(a) Using Absolute Co-ordinates:
(10, 10)

Drawing a line from point (5, 5) to point (10,

10).
Command: Line 
From point: 5, 5(select the point by mouse or
Enter the Co-ordinates by keyboard) 
(5, 5)

To Point: 10, 10 
To Point: 
(b) Using Relative Co-ordinates
Draw a line from point (2, 2) to point 5 units in
X-axis and 8 units in Y-axis relative to first co- (7, 10)

ordinate.
Command: Line
From point: 2, 2 (2, 2)

To point: @ 5, 8
To point: 

(c) Using Polar Co-ordinates

Draw a line from point (1, 2) to a length of 6 units at (1,

90 degree. 8)

Command: Line
From point: 1, 2
To point:@690 (1, 2)

To point: 
PLINE
A polyline is a connected sequence of line and arc segments.
Draw a thick line of width 2 units from (8, 4) to (6, 7) using
pline command.
Command: pline
From point: 8, 4
Arc/close/Half width/length/undo/width/ Endpoint of line :
width
Width: 2
Next point: 6, 7
Next point: 
A box drawn by using pline will act as one object instead of
four discrete lines.
RECTANGLE
Draw a rectangle defined by diagonal points (30,
20)
(10, 10) and (30, 20).
Command: Rectang
First Corner: 10, 10  (10, 10)

Second Corner: 30, 20 

CIRCLE

Circle can be drawn by any one of following five

methods using circle command.

(a)Using Centre and Radius:

Draw a circle with centre (6, 6) and radius 5 units.

Command: circle
3P/2P/TTR/centre point : 6, 6 
Diameter/radius : 5 

(b) Using Centre and diameter:

Draw a circle with centre (6, 17) and diameter 10 units.

Command: circle
3p/2p/TTR/centre point : 6, 17 
Diameter/radius : D 
(c) Using given three points: (3P)

Draw a circle with using given three points (5, 30),

(7, 26), (10, 25).

Command: circle
3P/2P/TTR/centre point : 3 P 
First point: (5, 30) 
(5, 30)
Second point: (7, 26)  (7, 26)
(10,
Third point: (10, 25)  25)

(d) Using given two points: (2P)

Draw a circle with using given two points (7, 35) &
(7, 47).
(7, 47)

Command: circle
3P/2P/TTR/centre point : 2 P 
First point on diameter: (7, 35) 
(7, 35)
Second point on diameter: (7, 47) 
(e) Using Tangent, Tangent and Radius
(TTR):
Draw a circle with radius 2 units and two
existing line as tangents.
Line 1
Take:
For line 1: (16, 4) to point (19, 9)
For line 2: (20, 2) to point (21, 7)
Command: circle
3P/2P/TTR/centre point : TTR  Line 2

Enter Tangent spec: line 1 (pick up using

mouse)
Enter Tangent spec: line 2 (pick up using
mouse)
Radius: 2
(“Spec” means specifications)
ELLIPSE:

ELLIPSE can be drawn by any one of

following two methods using ellipse
command.

(a) Using first axis end points and

other axis distance:

Draw . an ellipse using major axis end point

(10, 20) (65, 20) and minor axis end point
(35, 35).
Command: ellipse 
<Axis end point 1>/ Centre: 10, 20
Axis end point 2: 65, 20
<Other axis distance>/ Rotation: 35, 35
(b) Using Centre of ellipse axis, end point
and other axis distance:

Draw an ellipse using with centre (100, 20), major

axis end point (125, 20) and minor axis end point
(100, 35).

Command: ellipse 
<Axis end point 1>/ Centre: C
Centre of ellipse: 100, 20 
Axis end point 2: 125, 20
<Other axis distance>/ Rotation: 100, 35

Note: Also the ellipse can be drawn by using arc,

Isocircle, rotation & perimeter options
 ARC

Arcs are partial circles and can be drawn in eight different methods
using ARC command. Some of them are follows:
(a) Using three given points
Draw an arc using the given three points: (75, 50), (55, 90),
(105,110).
Command: arc 
Centre/<Start point>: 75, 50 
Centre/end/<Second point>: 55, 90 
End point: 105,110 
(b) Using Start points, centre and end point (SCE)
Draw an arc using start point (240, 20), centre point (250, 60)
and end point (250,100).
Command: arc 
Centre/<Start point>: 240, 20 
Centre/end/<Second point>: C 
Centre point: 250, 60 
Angle/length of chord/<end point>: 250,100
(c) Using Start points, centre and length of chord
(SCL)
Draw an arc using start point (140, 10), centre point (100,
10) and chord length 45 units.
Command: arc 
Centre/<Start point>: 140, 10 
Centre/end/<Second point>: C 
Centre point: 100, 10 
Angle/length of chord/<end point>: L
Length of chord: 45
(d) Using Start points, end point and Radius (SER)

Draw an arc using Start points (230, 80), end point (190, 80)
and radius 22 units.
Command: arc 
Centre/<Start point>: 230, 80 
Centre/end/<end point>: E 
End point: 190, 80 
Angle/Direction/Radius/<centre point>: R
Radius: 22
Polygon
The polygon command draws regular polygons with
3 to 1024 sides. Any polygon can be drawn by
following three method using polygon commands.
(a) Using radius of given circle in which
polygon is inscribed:
Draw a polygon of eight sides with centre (50, 50)
inscribed in a circle of radius 40 units.
Command: polygon 
Number of sides: 8 
Edge/<centre of polygon>: 50, 50 
Inscribed in circle/circum-scribed about circle (I/C): I

Radius of circle: 40
(b) Using radius of given circle in which polygon is
circumscribed:
Draw a polygon of eight sides with centre (140, 50)
circumscribed in a circle of radius 40 units.
Command: polygon 
Number of sides: 8 
Edge/<centre of polygon>: 50, 50 
Inscribed in circle/circle-scribed about circle (I/C): C 
Radius of circle: 40
(C) Using Edge method
Draw a polygon of ten sides using “Edge method”. The first end
point of the edge is (90,100) and Second end of the edge is
(120,100).
Command: polygon 
Number of sides: 10 
Edge/<centre of polygon>: E 
First end point of edge: 90,100 
Second end point of edge: 120,100 
 EDIT COMMANDS AND OTHER ADDITIONAL COMMANDS
These commands are used to edit or modify the drawing.
1) ERASE- This command removes objects from a drawing.
Command: erase
Select objects: click on objects
2) MOVE: This command displaces objects to a specified distance
in a specified direction.
Command: move
Select objects: click on objects
Base point or displacement: specify a base point
Second point or displacement: specify a point or
3) COPY: - This command is similar to move command, but it
places copies of the related object at the specified
displacements.

Command: copy
Select objects: click on objects
<Base point or displacement>/multiple: specify a point for a
single copy or enter m for multiple copies
<Second point of displacement>: specify a point or P
(For placement multiple copies)

4) ROTATE: - This command moves object about a base point.

Command: rotate
Select objects: click on objects
Base point: specify a point
<Rotation angle>/Reference: Specify an angle or enter or specify
a point
5) MIRROR: - This command creates a mirror image of objects.
Command: mirror
Select objects: click on objects
First point of mirror line: Specify a point
Second point: Specify a point
Delete old objects? <N>: Enter Y or N, or
6) SCALE: This command enlarges or reduces selected objects
equally in X, Y, Z direction.
Command: Scale
Select objects: click on objects
Base point: specify a point
< Scale factor>/ Reference: specify a scale or enter R.
Scale factor>1 – Enlarges the objects.
Scale factor<1 – Shrinks the objects.
Reference length<1>: specify a distance or
New length: specify a distance 
If the new length is longer than the reference length, the objects are
enlarged.
7) ARRAY: This command creates multiple copies of objects in
pattern.
Command: array
Rectangular or polar array (R/P) <current>: enter an option or 
Option:
I) RECTANGULAR: – Creates an array defined by a number of rows
and columns of copies of selected objects.
II) POLAR - Creates an array defined by specifying a center point
about which the selected object is replicated. (Angle: + = CCW. -CW)
8) BREAK: - This command creates part of objects or splits on object
into two.
Command: break
Select objects: click on objects or specify the first break point on an
object
Enter second point (or F for first point): Specify the second break point
or enter F
9) TRIM: - This command trims objects at a cutting edge defined by
other objects.

Command: trim
Select cutting edges: Click on cutting edges (lines) 
Select edges: Click on object to be trimmed.
<Select object to trim>/project/ edge/undo: select an object, enter an
option or 

10) DIMENSIONING
The dimensions are inserted in the drawing by use of Dim command.
There are various types of dimensions used their AutoCAD.

(I) Linear Dimensions: Horizontal, Vertical, aligned (for inclined

dimensions), Rotated (for inclined dimensions).
(II) Angular dimensions: For angular dimensioning of objects.
(III) Radial dimensions: For radial dimensioning of arc or circle.
(IV) Diametral dimensions: For diametral dimensioning of circle.
(V) Ordinate dimensions: For ordinate dimensioning of objects.
For dimensioning of objects, the first point and second point has to be
specified. The dimension text must be written and then the position of
dimension must be specified.
(I) Linear Dimensioning
Command: Dim
Dim (HOR/VER/ALIGNED/ROT): HOR
First extension line origin: (select corner P using cursor)
Second extension line origin (Text/angle): (select corner Q)
Dimension line location (Text/Angle): (select the position of dim. Line
using cursor)
Dimension text: 8
Dim: Exit
Command: Dim
Dim: ROT
Dimension line angle <0>:115
(Note- 00 for horizontal & 900 for vertical dimensions)
First extension line origin: (select the point)
Second extension line origin: (select the point)
Dimension line location < text/angle>: (select the location)
Dimension text<5.5>:
(II) Angular dimensioning:
Command: Dim
Dim: Angular 
Select First line: (Pick point 1)
Select Second line: (Pick point 2)
Dimensions are line location (text/angle): (Pick point 3)
Dimension text: 45
Enter text location: (pick a location for dimension text)
Command: Dim
Dim: Leader
Leader start (specify starting point, A)
To Point: (specify the end point, B)
To Point: (specify the next point, C)
Dimension text: R6
(III) Dimetral Dimensioning

Dim: Dia
Select arc or circle: (pick point P)
Dimension text: %%C8 (% % C for  symbol)
Enter leader length for text: (pick Q and then R
and press enter)

(IV) Radius Dimensioning

Dim: Radius
Select arc or circles :( pick point P)
Dimension Text: R5
11) Text
This command creates text on the drawing with a variety of character patterns
or fonts. These fonts can be stretched, compressed, oblique, mirrored or
aligned in a vertical column by applying a style to the font.
Command: Text
Justify/style/<start point>: specify a point or enter an option
The start point is the default.
12) Layer
A layer is like an overlay that allows us to separate different types of
information. AutoCAD allows an unlimited number of layers on new drawings
the default layer is 0.
This command creates new layer, selects the current layer, sets the color and
line type for designated layers, turns layers on and off, locks or unlocks layer,
freezes or throws layers and lists defined layers.
Command: layer
?/make/set/new/on/off/color/Ltype/Freeze/Thaw/lock/unlock: enter an option.
Problem:
Draw the figure of Bracket and Open Bearing
using AutoCAD.
Solution:
To draw Bracket
2.5 2.5
Command: line
From point: 11, 3 
To point: @ 47.5<0

10
To point: @ 2.5, 2.5
To point: @ 10<90 17.

10
To point: @ 17.5<180 5

To point: @10<90

2.5

10
To point: @ 17.5<0
To point: @10<90
(11,3) 47.
To point: @ -2.5, 2.5 5
To point: @ 47.5<180
To point: @ -2.5, - 2.5
BRACKET
To point: @30<270
To point: @ 2.5, -2.5
To point: 
To draw the Open Bearing
Command: line
From point: 10, 10 
To point: @180<0
To point: @20<90 15
To point: @45<180

25
To point: @55<90
To point: @15<180

30
55
To point: @25<270
To point:  45
Command: arc

20
Centre/<start point>: 130, 60
(10,10) 180
Centre/end/<second point>: E
End point: 70, 60
Angle/direction/radius/<centre point>: A OPEN BEARING
Included Angle:-180
Command: line
From point: 70, 60 
To point: @25<90
To point: @15<180
To point: @55<270
To point: @45<180
To point: @20<270
To point: 
THANK YOU