CE 73 CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

(COSH)

MANUAL AND
MECHANICAL
HAZARD
CONTROL
Reporters: Paola Razon & Chyna Jazyle Torre
 CE 73 CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
(COSH)

HAZARDS
POWER
WITH
TOOLS
Safety Hazard and their Control
HAND TOOLS
Non-powered tools used to perform mechanical
works
HAZARDS IN THE USE OF HAND TOOLS
• Defects in tools
• Sharp, pointed, and abrasive parts
• Falling tools
• Improper storage
• Sparks
HAND TOOL
SAFETY
• Inspect all hand tools properly
before using.
• Never carry tools in your pocket.
• After using a tool, clean it and
• Use the right SIZE and TYPE of return it to its proper place.
tool for the job. • Never place tools & materials
• Keep cutting tools sharp and in where they hang on the edge.
good condition. • Cut away from yourself when
• Don't work with oily or greasy using sharp tools.
hands. • Wear appropriate PPE.
• Always carry sharp or pointed • Keep floor surfaces free of debris
tools with the point down. and tripping hazards.
HAND TOOL STORAGE
POWER TOOLS
any device or machine powered by an
external energy source, such as electricity
or compressed air.
• ELECTRIC - powered by electricity
• PNEUMATIC - powered by compressed air
• HYDRAULIC - powered by hydraulic pressure
• POWDER-ACTUATED - uses an explosive
force to propel or discharge a fastening
device
• FUEL/GASOLINE - powered by gasoline
OSH STANDARDS
NO. 1926.302: POWER-
OPERATED HAND TOOLS
1926.302 (A) Electric power-operated tools.

1926.302 (B) Pneumatic tools.

1926.302 (C) Fuel powered tools.

1926.302 (D) Hydraulic power tools.

1926.302 (E) Powder-actuated tools.

Retrieved from:
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1926/1926.302
OSH STANDARDS
NO. 1926.302: POWER-
OPERATED HAND TOOLS
1926.302 (A) Electric power-operated tools.

1926.302 (B) Pneumatic tools.

1926.302 (C) Fuel powered tools.

1926.302 (D) Hydraulic power tools.

1926.302 (E) Powder-actuated tools.

Retrieved from:
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1926/1926.302
OSH STANDARDS
NO. 1926.302: POWER-
OPERATED HAND TOOLS
It mandates specific precautions such as using approved tools, securing
connections, and wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. It also
emphasizes proper tool maintenance, safe handling, and the prevention of
hazards like electric shock, tool disconnections, high-pressure fluid injuries,
and accidental tool discharge. Additionally, it covers the storage and
transportation of fuel and the prevention of toxic gas exposure when using
fuel-powered tools in enclosed spaces.

Retrieved from:
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1926/1926.302
ELECTRIC HAZARDS

TOOLS
HAZARDS AND •
•
Defects in tools
Sharp, pointed, and abrasive parts
CONTROL • Falling tools
• Improper storage
MEASURES • Sparks

CONTROL MEASURES
• Use of GFCI or ELCB.
• Don't wear loose clothing, jewelry, or
dangling objects, including long hair,
that may catch in rotating parts or
accessories.
• Clamp workpiece. Check frequently to
be sure clamps remain secure.
• Work areas should be well lighted.
ELECTRIC HAZARDS

TOOLS
HAZARDS AND •
•
Defects in tools
Sharp, pointed, and abrasive parts
CONTROL • Falling tools
• Improper storage
MEASURES • Sparks

CONTROL MEASURES
• Use of GFCI or ELCB.
• Don't wear loose clothing, jewelry, or
dangling objects, including long hair,
that may catch in rotating parts or
accessories.
• Clamp workpiece. Check frequently to
be sure clamps remain secure.
• Work areas should be well lighted.
ELECTRIC CONTROL MEASURES

TOOLS
HAZARDS AND • Be sure the power cord and extension
cord are out of the equipment path and
CONTROL are long enough to freely complete the
work.
MEASURES • When not in use, tools should be stored
in a dry place.
• Electric tools should be operated within
their design limitations.
• Always wear safety goggles or safety
glasses with side shields. Use a dust
mask in dusty work conditions. Safety
footwear is recommended during use of
electric tools. Wear hearing protection
during extended periods of operation.
CONTROL MEASURES
• Check guards often to ensure Hand-held power tools must be equipped
that it operates freely and with one of the following:
encloses the hazard points.
• Don't use the portable tool if it is 1. Constant pressure switch
Shuts off power upon release.
too heavy for you to easily
Examples: circular saw, chain saw, grinder,
control.
hand-held power drill
• Don't carry portable tools by the
cord. 2. On-Off Switch
• Don't use electric cords to hoist Examples: routers, planers, laminate
or lower tools. trimmers, shears, jig saws, nibblers, scroll
• Don't yank cord to disconnect it. ​ saws.
• Be sure the switch actuates
properly.
OTHER HAZARDS OF ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT
OTHER HAZARDS OF ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT
OTHER HAZARDS OF ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT
OTHER HAZARDS OF ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT
GUARDS
are barriers that
prevent entry of an
individual’s hands
or other body parts
into a hazard area.
TYPES OF
1. FIXED
GUARDS

A permanent barrier
that stays in place
to prevent access to
hazardous areas.
TYPES OF
2.
GUARDS
INTERLOCKED
Movable Guards with
Interlocking Switches;
Guards that can be
moved but automatically
stop the machine when
opened.
TYPES OF
3. ADJUSTABLE
GUARDS

A guard that can be

manually adjusted to fit
different tasks or
materials.
TYPES OF
4. SELF-
GUARDS
ADJUSTING
A guard that automatically
moves to cover the hazard
as needed during machine
operation.
PNEUMATIC HAZARDS
TOOLS
HAZARDS AND • Getting hit by one of the tool’s
attachments
CONTROL • Flying particles which may injure eyes
and face
MEASURES • Tripping hazard from air hose line
• Air hose failure
• Use of pressurized air hose for cleaning
• Noise hazard

CONTROL MEASURES
• The manufacturer’s safe operating
pressure for hoses, pipes, valves, filters,
and other fittings shall not be exceeded
• Always wear the required PPE
PNEUMATIC CONTROL MEASURES
TOOLS
HAZARDS AND • A tool retainer shall be installed on each

CONTROL piece of utilization equipment which,

without such a retainer, may eject the
MEASURES tool.
• Screens must be set up to protect
nearby workers from being struck by
flying fragments around chippers,
riveting guns, staplers, or air drills.
• Never kink the hose to temporarily shut-
off pressure.
HYDRAULIC HAZARDS
TOOLS
HAZARDS AND • Hydraulic fluid leaks (slip, fall, burn,
toxic exposure risks)
CONTROL • System failure (equipment malfunction,

MEASURES collapse risks)

• High-pressure fluid injection (severe
tissue damage)

CONTROL MEASURES
• Wear protective gear (gloves, eye protection)
• Regular equipment inspection and
maintenance
• Proper training on safe operation and
shutdown
• Establish safety policies and provide safety
resources
POWDER- HAZARDS
ACTUATED • Accidental discharge.
TOOLS
HAZARDS AND • Ricocheting studs or chips.
• Explosions in combustible atmospheres.
CONTROL • Flying particles.

MEASURES • Studs completely penetrating work

material.
• Damage to hidden wires or lines.
• Misfires and defective tools.
• Driving fasteners too close to edges of
materials.
POWDER- CONTROL MEASURES
ACTUATED • Only trained and authorized personnel

TOOLS
HAZARDS AND
should operate the tools.
• Wear safety goggles, face shield, and

CONTROL safety hat.

• Use interlocked shields to protect
MEASURES against flying particles.
• Ensure the bore is clear, and all safety
devices are functioning.
• Do not use on hard, brittle, or thin
materials without proper backing.
• Hold the tool in position for 30 seconds
after a misfire.
• Maintain safe distances from edges
when driving fasteners.
GASOLINE HAZARDS
TOOLS
HAZARDS AND • Fire and explosion risks from gasoline
vapors.
CONTROL • Ignition from sparks, cigarettes, hot
surfaces, or exhaust pipes.
MEASURES • Health risks from inhaling gasoline
vapors (headaches, nausea, dizziness,
breathing issues).
• Skin irritation and burns from prolonged
contact.
• Poisoning from accidental swallowing.
• Gasoline vapors accumulate in low
areas, creating explosion risk.
• Gasoline floating on water, spreading
fire.
GASOLINE CONTROL MEASURES
TOOLS
HAZARDS AND • Eliminate ignition sources (sparks,
flames, heat, static discharge).
CONTROL • Store gasoline in approved containers in
cool, dry, well-ventilated areas.
MEASURES • Keep gasoline away from incompatible
chemicals.
• Use gasoline in open areas with good
airflow.
• Allow equipment to cool before
refueling.
• Move gasoline containers 50 feet away
before restarting equipment.
• Obey No Smoking signs around
gasoline.
• Report spills immediately and seek
medical attention if exposed.
 01 DEFINITION
LOTOTO: A system designed to prevent
unexpected startup of a machine or release of
energy while it's supposed to be "OFF." It
ensures safety during maintenance and repair

LOCK-OUT/T tasks by isolating energy sources.

AG-OUT/TRY-
OUT 02 FATAL FIVE: Main Causes
of Maintenance Injuries
SYSTEM • Failure to stop equipment

(LOTOTO) • Failure to disconnect from power source

• Failure to dissipate (bleed, neutralize) residual
energy
• Accidental restarting of equipment
• Failure to clear work areas before restarting
 03 HAZARDOUS ENERGY
SOURCES
• electrical (sudden turning on of power source)
• mechanical
• thermal (e.g. steam or chemical reaction)

LOCK-OUT/T • potential (gravity, hydraulics, pneumatics)

AG-OUT/TRY- 04 LOTOTO PROCEDURE

OUT
SYSTEM
(LOTOTO)
 LOCK-OUT
GENERAL 1
• Disconnect switch, circuit breaker, or

PROCEDURE
valve is placed in a safe "off" position.
• A locking device and lock are attached
to prevent re-energizing.

2 TAG-OUT
• A written warning tag is attached to the
energy isolating device.
• Indicates the device is in a safe position
and should not be activated.

3 TRY-OUT
• Authorized personnel test the equipment
to ensure it's fully de-energized.
• Controls are returned to "off" after
testing.
REAL LIFE ACCIDENTS
Scenario: A worker is using a power drill with a frayed extension cord. Mid-
1 task, the cord sparks, causing an electrical shock and a minor fire.
Control Measures:
• Use tools with intact cords and test them before use.
• Ensure the extension cord is long enough to avoid tugging.
• Install GFCI or ELCB to prevent electrical hazards.
• Store tools in dry places when not in use.

Scenario: While operating an air drill, a worker trips over an improperly placed
2 air hose, injuring their knee. The tool detaches, causing nearby workers to
dodge flying debris.
Control Measures:
• Keep air hoses away from walkways or secure them properly.
• Use tool retainers to prevent attachments from ejecting.
• Set up protective screens to shield nearby workers from flying particles.
REAL LIFE ACCIDENTS
Scenario: A hydraulic system malfunctions due to a worn-out hose, causing a
3 high-pressure fluid leak. A worker standing nearby is sprayed, resulting in skin
burns and tissue damage.
Control Measures:
• Regularly inspect hoses and fittings for wear and replace them promptly.
• Do not exceed the system’s recommended operating pressure.
• Use proper personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and face shields.

Scenario: A worker is refueling a gasoline-powered chainsaw while it's still hot.

4 The gasoline vapors ignite from the heat, causing a small fire and burns to the
worker's hands.
Control Measures:
• Allow equipment to cool down completely before refueling.
• Refuel in a well-ventilated area, away from any heat sources or sparks.
• Always have a fire extinguisher nearby when working with gasoline tools.
SUMMARY
All hazards involved in the use of hand and power tools
can be prevented by the following five basic safety rules.

• Keep all tools in good condition with regular maintenance.

• Use the right tool for the job.
• Examine each tool for damage before use.
• Operate according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
• Provide and use the proper protective equipment.
 CE 73 CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
(COSH)

HAZARDS
HOTWORKS
WITH
Safety Hazard and their Control
 WHAT IS HOTWORK?

A B C
uses gas or electrically
Any temporary Includes but not
powered equipment, which
maintenance, produces flames, sparks, or
limited to brazing,
heat sufficient to start a fire or cutting, grinding,
renovation or
ignite flammable/combustible soldering, torch
construction activity
materials applied welding
HOT WORK
HAZARD AREA
Any area where the presence of
open flames, sparks or other
products of hot work could present
a significant fire and/or explosion
hazard.
FIRE WATCH
A person trained in the use of
fire extinguishers designated to
observe the area surrounding
the hot work and be prepared to
extinguish any fire that may be
ignited.
note: The person performing the hot work
cannot be the fire watch. Similarly,
personnel actively engaged as the fire
watch cannot perform other duties
ROLES OF A FIRE WATCH
• Trained in use of fire extinguisher
• No other responsibilities
• Able to view all areas where a fire
may occur
• Is responsible for sounding the
alarm
• Authorized to stop work if an
unsafe condition arises
• Stay for 1 hour after completion of
the work
 DUTIES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES OF A
FIRE WATCH
Able to effectively Physically
Trained to communicate with capable of
detect fires workers, including Aware of their
performing the
that occur in alerting personnel responsibilities
physical
areas when a fire has as a fire watch
progressed demands
exposed to
beyond the necessary for
hot work
incipient stage fire watch duties
WHEN IS A FIRE
WATCH
REQUIRED?
OSHA requires employers to post a fire watch during hot work if any of the
following conditions are present

Slag, weld splatter, or sparks which might pass through an opening and
cause a fire.

Fire-resistant guards or curtains are not used to prevent the ignition of

combustible materials on or near decks, bulkheads, partitions, or overheads.

Combustible material is located closer than 35 feet to the hot work area, in
either the horizontal or vertical direction, that cannot be removed, protected
with flame-proof covers, nor otherwise shielded with metal or fire-resistant
guards or curtains.
WHEN IS A FIRE
WATCH
REQUIRED?
OSHA requires employers to post a fire watch during hot work if any of the
following conditions are present

Hot work occurs on or near insulation, combustible coatings, or sandwich-

type construction that cannot be shielded, cut back, or removed, or in a
space within a sandwich-type construction or inter-barrier space that
cannot be inerted.

Combustible materials adjacent to the opposite sides of bulkheads, decks,

overheads, metal partitions, or sandwich type construction may be
ignited by conduction or radiation.
WHEN IS A FIRE
WATCH
REQUIRED?
OSHA requires employers to post a fire watch during hot work if any of the
following conditions are present
The hot work is close enough to cause ignition through heat radiation or
conduction on the following:
• Insulated pipes, bulkheads, decks, partitions, or overheads;
• Combustible materials and/or coatings; or
• Unprotected combustible pipes or cable runs.
A Marine Chemist, a Coast Guard-authorized person, or a shipyard
competent person (SCP), as defined in 29 CFR Part 1915, Subpart B, requires
that a fire watch be posted.
WHAT ARE THE DUTIES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE
EMPLOYER?
A B C
Developing and Providing outside
Reviewing the Fire organizations
implementing a
Safety Plan with expected to respond
written Fire Safety
employees to fires with a copy of
Plan
the Fire Safety Plan
 WHAT ARE THE DUTIES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE
EMPLOYER?
D E F
Informing all employees Making sure safety
Establishing
on the worksite about and health
the Fire Safety Plan, fire-
designated and non-
responsibilities for
related hazards, and designated areas for
fire protection are
emergency procedures assigned
hot work
 WHAT ARE THE DUTIES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE
EMPLOYER?
G H
Maintaining safe
conditions that are free
Training employees
from fire hazards, such in accordance with
as unattended fuel gas 29 CFR 1915.508(b),
and oxygen hose lines or (c), and (e).
torches; and
HOT WORKS IN
CONFINED
SPACE
Confined
Space
• Enclosed or partially
enclosed space that is not
intended, designed or
constructed primarily as a Boiler Manhol
Tank e
place of work
• Has or may have
restricted entry/exit
Crawl
HOT WORKS IN
CONFINED
SPACE
Rule 1121.01(06)

No smoking or open lights, torches, arcs or

flames shall be permitted in confined spaces
until an inspection has been conducted to
ensure that fire or explosion possibilities have
been eliminated.
MUST REMEMBER!
Hot work must only be performed within a confined
space where;
• No flammable substances is detected
• Atmosphere contains no more than ambient oxygen
concentration
• Atmosphere is continuously monitored
• Measures are implemented to control hazards related to
hot work
• A means to alert the workers inside when atmospheric
concentrations exceed threshold level
HAZARDS IN CONFINED
SPACES
Fire or Temperature
explosion extremes

Accumulation of a
Oxygen enrichment
gas, vapor, mist, or oxygen
fume or deficiency
ignitable dust
HAZARDS IN CONFINED
SPACES
Contact with Increase in
hazardous the level of a
substances liquid

Entrapment by a
Lack of
free-flowing solid
lighting
(engulfment);
HOT WORK
PERMIT
• A written document issued to authorize conduct
of hot work
• Includes checklist of procedures
• Signed and reviewed for all applicable safety
considerations
• Done in accordance with the details
• Spelled out on the permit
• Modified or reissued when conditions change
HOT WORK
PERMIT
typically includes:
• Potential Hazards (e.g., electrical, mechanical, etc.)
• Procedures/Precautions (e.g., ventilation, communication, sprinkler
check, etc.)
• Safety Equipment (e.g., eye protection, respirators, fire extinguisher,
etc.)
• Vessel Prep Isolation (i.e., what was done to prepare the space prior to
work)
• Special Tools (e.g., lighting, non-sparking tools, etc.)
EXAMPLE
CHECKLIST
/PERMIT
RULE 1100: GAS AND ELECTRIC
WELDING AND CUTTING
OPERATIONS
Hot works are not be permitted in rooms or areas containing
combustible materials or in proximity to explosives or flammable
liquids, dusts, gases or vapors
Portable fire extinguisher shall be provided

Before welding and cutting operations are allowed in large

establishments, the area shall be inspected by the safetyman

Written permit or authorization is required

RULE 1100: GAS AND ELECTRIC
WELDING AND CUTTING
OPERATIONS
Workers shall be provided with the following personal protective
equipment:
• goggles
• head shields
• filter lenses
• hand shields
• suitable aprons
Provide local exhaust and general ventilation system to keep
fumes, gases or dusts within allowable concentrations or threshold
limit values
POTENTIAL HAZARD
Burns from Adverse
sparks and reactions to
molten metal welding
fumes

Lung cancer from

Heavy metal inhalation of
poisoning carcinogenic
substances
POTENTIAL HAZARD
Permanent Radiation (flash)
hearing loss burns to the body and
eyes from arc welding

Electric
shock
 GENERAL SAFETY
REQUIREMENTS

A B C
Welding areas kept Only authorized and Employees
clean and free of properly trained performing
any excess employees are cutting/welding
materials, permitted to perform must wear required
especially welding/cutting personal protective
combustibles equipment
BEFORE, DURING
AND AFTER HOT
WORK
BEFORE
Before hot work begins, communication must be established between the
A employee(s) performing hot work and all their fire watches.

The appropriate fire extinguishing equipment for the conditions of the

B work (e.g., carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or water) should be fully
charged for prompt use by the fire watch if needed.

It is important that fire watch personnel are informed by the person(s)

C performing the hot work, or the supervisor, of any restrictions or
authorizations related to the hot work activity.

Fire watch duties are continuous, including during breaks in hot work
D activities. If the fire watch needs to leave the hot work area, the employer
must assign a qualified replacement (temporary or permanent).
BEFORE
E Check condition of sprinklers, hose streams and extinguishers

F Hot work equipment in good condition

G Floors swept/clear of combustibles within a radius of 35 feet (11 m)

H Holes/cracks covered/shielded
DURING
A Hot work permit

Trained spark watcher(s)/fire watch stationed on site with fire

B fighting equipment

C Watcher/s remain in area 1 hour after work

AFTER
A Area thoroughly wet down

B Patrol hot work area after job is completed

C Keep permit posted where work was performed

D Store equipment properly

TRAINING
REQUIREMENT
Individuals involved in hot work are required to
A
complete hot work safety training

Includes supervisors, permit authorizing

B individuals, hot work operators and fire watch
personnel
HOT WORK PROGRAM
The Hot Work Program typically falls under the authority of
a safety officer or safety manager. The project manager
or the employer may also be involved in establishing this
program, in coordination with the safety personnel, to
ensure it aligns with both legal standards and company
policies.
• Documented Hot Work policy
• Use of hot work permit system
• Define training requirement
• Clarify sanctions for violations
REAL LIFE ACCIDENTS
Scenario: Sparks from welding ignite nearby combustible materials (e.g.,
1 wood, paper, or insulation).
Control Measures:
• Remove combustible materials at least 35 feet from the work area.
• Use fire-resistant blankets or shields to cover immovable combustibles.
• Set up fire watch personnel to monitor and respond to fire risks.

Scenario: Explosion due to hot work performed on a container that previously held
2 flammable substances.
Control Measures:
• Clean the container thoroughly to eliminate flammable residues.
• Test the atmosphere inside the container with gas detectors before starting hot work.
• Ensure ventilation is adequate, and use proper isolation techniques.
REAL LIFE ACCIDENTS
Scenario: Worker suffers burn injuries from handling hot equipment or
3 materials.
Control Measures:
• Use personal protective equipment (PPE) such as flame-resistant gloves and
clothing.
• Allow equipment and materials to cool before handling or use proper cooling
methods.
Scenario: Electrical shock during arc welding due to faulty equipment or
• Train workers on safe handling practices.
improper grounding.
4 Control Measures:
• Regularly inspect and maintain welding equipment to ensure it's in good working
order.
• Use insulated gloves and boots and ensure proper grounding.
• Train workers on electrical safety and proper equipment usage.
SUMMARY
1 2 3
HOT WORK IS CAN CAUSE FIRE REQUIRES
HIGHLY AND EXPLOSION PERMIT
HAZARDOUS

4 5 6
DANGEROUS IF BEST TO HAVE
TRAINING IS
DONE IN HOT WORK
REQUIRED
CONFINED SPACE PROGRAM
 CE 73 CONSTRUCTION
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
(COSH)

THANK
YOU
Group 6