Mechanisms of Seed Dispersal:

Animals, Wind, Water, & Other

 How do plants disperse their
seeds?
• Animals
– Carry seeds on fur or feathers
– Eat edible fruits that contain seeds and pass
through digestive system to be deposited later
– Collect and bury seeds (ants and squirrels)
• Nature
– wind…winged seeds, puff seeds,
tumbleweeds
– Water…float and travel to another location
– Fire…some pine cones open only with heat
Mature Seed:
 Consists of an embryo that is frequently
surrounded by a food reserve and a
protective coating.
 Is capable of germinating under the proper
conditions and forming a mature plant.
 Seed Dispersal:
 Adaptive mechanism
of plants that ensures
seeds will be:
 separated from the
parent plants.
 distributed over as
large an area as
possible to ensure the
germination and
survival of some of the
seeds to adult plants. http://www.visualsunlimited.com/images/
watermarked/306/306990.jpg
 Dispersal by Animals:
 Most flowering plants use animals to carry seeds.

Overview.net.Ltd (1995). Retrieved January 26, 2007, from Microscopy-UK

Web site: http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgoct00/pjgb3.jpg
 Dispersal by Animals cont’d
Toucan eating fruit from a tree.
 Some flowering
plants produce
edible fruits.
 These juicy, tasty,
sweet, colorful
fruits often have
seeds that are
animal dispersed. (Jan 26,2007). Retrieved January 26, 2007, from Oeisoux.net Web site:
http://www.oiseaux.net/oiseaux/piciformes/images/toucan.de.swainson.thbe.3g.jpg
 Dispersal by Animals cont’d
 When the seeds of
the plant become
mature, the
surrounding fruit
becomes softer and
its sugar content
increases.
 Some fruits become
fragrant and brightly
colored to advertise
their ripeness to Ripened and unripened
animals. banana fruits on banana tree
M. (April 16, 2004). Our Florida Garden. Retrieved January 26, 2007, from Welcome to
Mimi's HomePage Web site: http://www.mchristi.wso.net/new_garden.html
 Dispersal by Animals cont’d
Interactions with
animals have
helped flowering
plants become
the most
successful
plants on earth.
Brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella)
snarling while eating fruit.
Butler, R. (2007). World Travel Photos. Retrieved January 26, 2007, from Tropical
Rainforest Conservation Web site:
http://www.mongabay.com/images/peru/tambopata/Tambopata_1028_4366a.jpg
 Dispersal by Animals cont’d
Animals eat fruits and defecate:
When the animal ingests the fruit the
animal digests the fleshy part.
 The seed coat usually prevents the digestion
of the seeds.
Many such fruits contain laxatives to help
the process along.
The tough seeds usually pass unharmed
through the digestive tract.
The animal deposits the seeds, along
with a fertilizer supply, miles from the
parent plant where the fruit was eaten.

Seed dispersal by animal ingestion,

Blue Jay scat contains Rosa seeds and others

© Wally Eberhart / Visuals Unlimited

 Note: One of the most common colors of
fruits is red, a color insects cannot see
very well; therefore, most of the fruit is
saved for animals large enough to
disperse the seeds.

(May 17, 2002). Black Cherries. Retrieved January 26, Baskauf, S. (Jan. 22, 2007). Plant Features. Retrieved January 26, 2007, from
2007, from Seed Dispersal Web site: Bioimages Web site: http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/biohires/m/hmoru2-
http://www.units.muohio.edu/dragonfly/itb/index.htmlx frcloseup11062.jpg
 Seeds traveling on animals:
Some flowering plants have fruits modified
as burrs that cling to animal fur or the
clothes of humans.

Cocklebur seeds on fur,

seed dispersal
Cavagnaro, D. (2007). Cockleburr on Fur. Retrieved January
26, 2007, from Visuals Unlimited Stock Photography Web site:
http://www.visualsunlimited.com/browse/vu300/vu300400.html
 Animals bury seeds
 Small animals collect seeds and bury
them as food stores for a later date when
food is scarcer. Occasionally, these
animals do not return to collect these
seeds, and they leave them planted in the
ground.
 Animals bury seeds cont’d
Squirrels bury oak acorns and sometimes
forget where they buried them, thus
planting a tree far away from the parent
plant.

natzoo.si.edu/Animals/.../
UrbanNatureWatch/Watches
 Animals bury seeds cont’d
 Blue Jays also bury acorns. They usually
remember where they bury them, but at
times they bury more than they need. This
leaves some acorns in the ground, which
may eventually sprout.
Wind Dispersal
 Small, hard, dry
fruits are often
dispersed by wind.
Some plants have
seeds within fruits
acting as kites or
propellers that aid Seed dispersal from the
in wind dispersal. Common Milkweed (Asclepias
syriaca), North America.

Leroy Simon / Visuals Unlimited

 Wind Dispersal cont’d:
 Most of these plants Overproduction
produce a large number
of seeds, but most of
the seeds will not
produce mature plants.
 Their large number and
ability to disperse to
new habitats ensure
that at least some will
grow and eventually
produce seeds
themselves.
www.painetworks.com/pagesrf/ii/ii0822.html
 Wind Dispersal cont’d:
Maple winged fruits
 Some plants
have seeds within
fruits acting as
kites or propellers
that aid in wind
dispersal.

www.oplin.lib.oh.us/tree/.../
maple_hedge.html
 Wind Dispersal cont’d
 The entire tumbleweed plant dries up and
is blown across fields and roads,
dispersing seeds as it tumbles.

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/tweed3b.jpg
Pine cones use wind to disperse their
seeds:
After one to three years of maturing, the pine
cone opens up and the winged seeds travel
on the wind.

http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/
pkenlan/HTML/Pinaceae/pinus_rigida.html
 Where natural
fires are common,
many seeds
require intense
heat to break
dormancy.
 Seedlings are
therefore most
abundant after fire
has cleared away Ex: Pitch pine cone: during a fire the pitch
pine cones will open in extreme heat.
competing
http://www.campton.sau48.k12.nh.us/
vegetation. neflora/images/neflora/3-
29_Pitch_Pine_Cone_small.JPG
 The process of
seed production for
pine trees to
seeds.

http://www.karencarr.com/Images/
Gallery/
2004_gallery_gymnosperm_meiosis.jp
 Water Dispersal
 Some small, hard, dry
fruits are also dispersed
by water. These plants
have seeds that float
and travel on the water
until washed up on
shore.
 Fruits such as the
large seeded pod of
Water dispersal of seeds in the rainforest
the 'Black bean'
http://rainforest-australia.com/
Castano-spermum Fruits_and_Seed_Dispersal.htm

australe (below) float

well in water.
 Water Dispersal cont’d
• Some plants
produce a moderate
number of very large
seeds with a high
amount of nutrients,
which ensures the
survival of most of Coconut Palm
the offspring.
http://www.ericandleandra.com/
photos/cancun/images/
1_coconut_tree.jpg
 Water Dispersal cont’d

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/pldec398.htm#crab

 Box fruits, Barringtonia asiatica, are

widespread drift fruits in the tropical Pacific,
remaining buoyant for more than two years.
They are common in the turquoise-blue waters
of French Polynesia.
 Popping Seeds
 Some seeds have evolved a popping
mechanism for short distance dispersal.
 As the seed matures, the pod or husk dries
out and may start to shrink around the seeds.
 After it shrinks so far, it may “pop” and scatter
the seeds around.
Touch-me-nots are aptly
named. The seed capsules
develop from mid summer
through fall. If touched,
picked or otherwise
disturbed, they rupture like
a broken spring; projecting
their seeds several feet.
http://www.isledegrande.com/giimages9/
touchmenotseedpod.jpg
Cockleburs stuck to
shoe and sock of hiker.