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Urinary System 2024 2nd Sem

Anatomy of the urinary system, functions and clinical disease

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onwukapaul21
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12 views

Urinary System 2024 2nd Sem

Anatomy of the urinary system, functions and clinical disease

Uploaded by

onwukapaul21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Urinary System

Functions of the Urinary system


• 1. Regulating blood volume and pressure

• 2. Regulating plasma concentrations of sodium,


potassium, chloride and other ions

• 3. Stabilising blood pH

• 4. Conserving nutrients

• 5. Detoxifying poisons (with the liver)


Organisation of the Urinary System
• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra
Kidneys
Kidneys
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal portion
of the abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column.

Two Primary Functions

•To form urine for excretion

•To retain essential substances the body needs in the process called
reabsorption
Parts of the Kidney
Kidneys filter about 1700 liters of
blood daily in the average adult. kidney
medulla

Parts of the kidneys

•Cortex
hilum
-outer protective portion
•Medulla
-inner soft portion
•Hilum
-a depression located in the middle of the
concave side of the kidney where blood vessels,
nerves, and the ureters enter and exit the cortex
kidneys
Urine Production
Urine is produced by filtration of:
•water •sugar •creatine
•salts •urea •uric acid

Each kidney contains more than 1 million nephrons which are the
functional units of the kidneys.

Blood Flow through the Kidneys


Blood enters through the renal artery arterioles
Each arteriole leads to a nephron renal corpuscle
(which has a group of capillaries called the glomerulus)

The glomerulus filters fluid from the blood, and is the first place
where urine is formed in the kidneys.
Internal Structure of
Renal Lobe
the Kidney

Renal pyramids

Renal papilla

Renal Columns
Microscopic structure of the Kidney and
Urine Production
Flow of Urine
Flow of Urine
Nephron
glomerulus

Renal artery
renal tubules
Renal vein

renal pelvis Ureter


Renal medulla
Renal capsule
Renal cortex
renal calices
Filtered blood exits the kidneys via the renal
vein.
ureters The renal tubules carry urine to ducts in the
renal cortex.
Ureters
Ureters

•A tube approximately 18 cm inches long attached to each kidney


•Made up of three layers of tissue
-smooth muscle
-fibrous tissue
-mucous layer

Peristalsis, a rhythmic contraction of the ureter smooth muscle


which helps to move the urine into the bladder.
Urinary Bladder
Urinary bladder Urinary Bladder
Ureter •Hollow, muscular organ that stores
urine
•Sphincter muscles hold the urine in
place
•Holds 300 to 400 milliliters of urine
before emptying
•Walls contain epithelial tissue that
stretch to allow the bladder to hold
twice its capacity
Prostate •The trigone is a triangular area at
gland
the base of the bladder where the
Urethra ureters enter and the urethra exits
Urethra
Urethra
A tube of smooth muscle with a mucous lining that carries urine from
the bladder to the outside of the body.

Female Urethra Male Urethra


•Approximately 3 -4cm long •Approximately 20 cm long
•Opens through the meatus •Passes through three different
regions:
-prostate gland
-membranous portion
-penis
Excreting urine is called voiding or
micturition
Inflammatory & Infectious Disorders
Urinary Tract Infection Glomerulonephritis

Inflammatory
Nephritis & Nephrosis
Infectious Disorders

Hydronephrosis Polycystic kidney disease

Cystitis
Nephroblastoma
Pathological Terms
Terms Used to Describe Difficulties in Urination

anuresis polyuria

•No urinary output •Excessive urination

dysuria incontinence
•Involuntary discharge of urine
•Painful urination
or feces
enuresis oliguria
•Lack of bladder •Scanty urination
control
Surgical Terms
Parts of the urinary system may be
surgically removed

•Nephrectomy- removal of a kidney


•Ureterectomy- removal of a ureter
•Cystectomy- removal of the bladder

Surgical repair procedures

•Pyeloplasty- repair of the renal pelvis


•Cystoplasty- repair of the bladder
•Urethroplasty- repair of the urethra

A urostomy is the creation of an artificial opening in the abdomen


through which urine exits the body.
Other Surgical
Other Surgical Procedures
Procedures
Nephrolysis

•Removal of an adhesion in the kidney

Nephrolithotomy

•Removal of a kidney stone

Nephropexy

•Surgical fixation of the kidney

Nephrorrhaphy

•Suturing of a damaged kidney


Pharmacological Terms
Medications used for urinary conditions assist to:

•Relieve Pain (analgesic)

•Relieve Spasms (antispasmodic)

•Inhibit the growth of microorganisms


(antibiotic)

•Increase urine output (diuretic)

•Decrease urine output (antidiuretic)


Anomalies of renal form. Illustration shows fusion anomalies of the kidneys.

Houat AP. Published Online: January 29, 2021


https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021200078
Anomalies of renal number. Illustration shows renal agenesis and a supernumerary kidney.

Houat AP. Published Online: January 29, 2021


https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2021200078

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