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Be 8 Sem El Acs Spread - Spectrum - Communication Yogesh - Patidar

ABC of SS

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7 views17 pages

Be 8 Sem El Acs Spread - Spectrum - Communication Yogesh - Patidar

ABC of SS

Uploaded by

EnricoLia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SPREAD SPECTRUM

COMMUNICATION
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATION?
• HOW IT WORKS
• SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES
• APPLICATIONS
ITRODUCTION TO SPREAD SPECTRUM
COMMUNICATION
• Spread-spectrum radio communications is a
favorite technology of the military because it
resists jamming and is hard for an enemy to
intercept, Just as they are unlikely to be
intercepted by a military opponent
Block diagram of spread spectrum system
Overview of Spread Spectrum
Communications
• Spread Spectrum is a means of transmission in which the
data sequence occupies a bandwidth in excess of the
minimum bandwidth necessary to send it. ▫ Effectively
the signal is mapped to a higher dimension signal space
• Signal spreading is done before transmission by using a
spreading sequence. The same sequence is used at the
receiver to retrieve the signal
• Spread Spectrum is most effective against interference
(intentional or non-intentional) with fixed energy.
• Main commercial applications in wireless and GPS.
Why Spread Spectrum?
• Spread spectrum signals are distributed over a
wide range of frequencies and then collected
back at the receiver
• Initially adopted in military applications, for its
resistance to jamming and difficulty of
interception
• More recently, adopted in commercial wireless
communications
NEED FOR SPREAD SPECTRUM
• Safeguards for physical security must be even
greater in wireless communications
• Encryption: intercepted communications
must not be easily interpreted
• Authentication: is the node who it claims to
be?
How Spread Spectrum Works
• Spread Spectrum uses wide band, noise-like signals.
Because Spread Spectrum signals are noise-like,
they are hard to detect.
• Spread Spectrum signals are also hard to Intercept
or demodulate.
• Further, Spread Spectrum signals are harder to jam
(interfere with) than narrowband signals.
• These Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) and anti-
jam (AJ) features are why the military has used
Spread Spectrum for so many years.
Spreading Codes
• • A noise-like and random signal has to be generated
at the transmitter. • The same signal must be
generated at the receiver in synchronization. • We
limit the complexity by specifying only one bit per
sample, i.e., a binary sequence.
• Spread Spectrum signals use fast codes that run
many times the information bandwidth or data rate.
These special "Spreading" codes are called "Pseudo
Random" or "Pseudo Noise" codes. They are called
"Pseudo" because they are not real Gaussian noise.
PN Sequences
• PN generator produces periodic sequence that
appears to be random
• PN Sequences
▫ Generated by an algorithm using initial seed
▫ Sequence isn’t statistically random but will pass many
test of randomness
▫ Sequences referred to as pseudorandom numbers or
pseudonoise sequences
▫ Unless algorithm and seed are known, the sequence is
impractical to predict
SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQU
THE MAJOR SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES
ARE
• DSSS
• FHSS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

• Data signal is multiplied by a spreading code,


and resulting signal occupies a much higher
frequency band
• Spreading code is a pseudo-random sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS)
• Data signal is modulated with a narrowband
signal that hops from frequency band to
frequency band, over time
• The transmission frequencies are determined
by a spreading, or hopping code (a pseudo-
random sequence)
Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum
Spread spectrum techniques
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
• Reduced crosstalk interference:
• Better voice quality/data integrity and less static noise
• Lowered susceptibility to multipath fading
• Inherent security:
• Co-existence:
• Longer operating distances
• Hard to detect:
• Hard to intercept or demodulate:
• Harder to jam
• Thank you

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