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Unit 2 1

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Mirdhula
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U21CH302

Fluid Mechanics for Chemical


Engineers
• U23CH302 – Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers
UNIT I
• Nature of fluids-properties of fluids, incompressible and compressible, .
Potential flow, boundary layer, the velocity field, laminar flow, Newtonian and
Non Newtonian fluids, Newton’s law of viscosity, turbulence. Reynolds number
and transition from laminar to turbulent flow, Eddy viscosity
UNIT II
• Flow in boundary layers, laminar and turbulent flow in boundary layers,
boundary layer formation in straight tubes. Fluid statics – basic equation -
equilibrium of fluid element – pressure variation in a static fluid- Manometers
U-Tube and inclined. application to manometer – Differential analysis of fluid
motion – continuity, equation of motions, Bernoulli equation
Boundary layer
A boundary layer is defined as the part of the moving fluid in which the fluid
motion is influenced by the presence of solid boundary.
Ludwig Prandtl introduced the concept of boundary layers in 1904. Boundary layer theory

uses concepts like viscosity, momentum equations, and energy equations to study and predict
phenomena like drag force, flow separation, heat transfer, and
boundary layer thickness. This theory can help engineers design and optimize
systems like aircraft wings, turbine blades, heat exchangers, and vehicle
aerodynamics

The thickness of the velocity boundary layer is normally defined as the distance
from the solid body to the point at which the viscous flow velocity is
99% of the freestream velocity (the surface velocity of an inviscid
flow).
Boundary layer

Source : Mccabe & Smith textbook


Boundary layer

Source : NASA
Laminar and turbulent flow in boundary layers
Boundary layer
A boundary layer is defined as the part of the moving fluid in which the fluid motion is
influenced by the presence of solid boundary.

Potential flow

In fluid mechanics, potential flow describes the velocity field as the gradient of a scalar
function: the velocity potential. As a result, a potential flow is characterized by an
irrotational velocity field. V = ∇ϕ where V – flow velocity, ∇ - gradient which is a
scalar quantity , ϕ – velocity potential. It is also called as irrotational flow.
Boundary layer formation in straight tubes.
Fluid Statics
SURFACE TENSION (மேற்பரப்பு பதற்றம்)
Surface tension is the intensity of the molecular
attraction per unit length along any line in the
surface.
At the interface between a liquid and a gas or two
immiscible liquids, forces develop forming an
analogous “skin” or “membrane” stretched over
the fluid mass which can support weight.
This “skin” is due to an imbalance of cohesive
forces. The interior of the fluid is in balance as
molecules of the like fluid are attracting each other
while on the interface there is a net inward pulling
force
SURFACE TENSION (மேற்பரப்பு பதற்றம்)
Surface tension is important for many reasons, including:
1. Shape of liquid droplets: Surface tension is responsible
for the shape of liquid droplets, such as raindrops, which
are spherical because of their high surface energy.
2. Wetting: Surface tension is important for wetting, which
plays a major role in washing and cleaning, as well as in
printing and coating.
3. Industrial processes: Surface tension is important in
many industrial processes, including the development of
detergents, paints, drugs, and emulsions.
4. Floating: If water's surface tension were lower, nothing
would float on top.
5. Disinfectants: Disinfectants are usually solutions of low
surface tension.
6. Soaps and detergents: Soaps and detergents lower the
surface tension of water, which helps it soak into pores
and soiled areas.
.
Surface Tension: Liquid Drop Now, equating the
Surface Tension Force to the Pressure Force, we can
estimate ∆P= pi– pe:

This indicates that the internal pressure in the


droplet is greater that the external pressure since
the right hand side is entirely positive
Surface Tension: Capillary Action in small tubes which
involve a liquid-gas-solid interface is caused by surface
tension. The fluid is either drawn up the tube or pushed
down.
Surface Tension: Capillary Action Capillary action in small
tubes which involve a liquid-gas-solid interface is caused
by surface tension. The fluid is either drawn up the tube
or pushed down.

h is the height, R is the radius of the tube, q is the angle of


contact. The weight of the fluid is balanced with the vertical
force caused by surface tension.
Pressure : P = Force/ unit area = F/ A (N/m2)

Pascals law :
It states that the pressure at a point in a static fluid is equal in all
directions. Px = Py = Ps Ps=Pz
Pressure Variation in a Fluid at rest

The pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is obtained by the


hydrostatic law states that “ the rate of increase of Pressure in a
vertically downward direction must be equal to the specific
weight of the fluid at that point”.

Let ∆A= Cross sectional area of


element
∆Z= Height of fluid element
p= pressure on face AB
Z= Distance of fluid element from
free surface.
Head of a Liquid
The equation Z shows the relationship between pressure and the
height of a column of liquid.
The Pressure is commonly expressed as a “HEAD”, which is the
“height of the liquid column that would exert that amount of
pressure as its base”
Pressure Variation for gas- barometric Equation
For an ideal gas density and pressure related as

For the static fluid pressure variation with height we have equation

Substitute the density

Integrating the equation with two levels “a” and “b” and assuming
“T” is constant.
This equation is known as
“Barometric equation”
Absolute pressure, gauge pressure and vacuum pressure
Absolute pressure is defined as the pressure which is measured
above absolute zero.
Gauge pressure is defined as the pressure which is measured with the
help of pressure measuring instrument in which the atmospheric
pressure is taken as datum means zero.
Vacuum pressure is the pressure below atmospheric pressure.
Mathematically
Absolute pressure (Pab) = Atmospheric pressure(Patm) + Gauge pressure( Pgauge)

Vacuum pressure ( Pvacuum) = Atmospheric pressure (Patm) – Absolute pressure (Pab)


Pressure measuring devices
1. Manometers – devices used for measuring the pressure at a point in a fluid by
balancing the column of fluid by the same or the other column of fluid.
Classified as (a) Simple manometers ( types of simple manometers are
Piezometer, U tube manometer and single column manometer(SCM) -
subdivided into Vertical SCM and Inclined SCM & (b) Differential
manometers – U tube differential manometer and Inverted U tube
differential manometer.

2. Mechanical gauges – devices used for measuring pressure by balancing fluid


column by the spring. Commonly used are (a) Diaphragm pressure gauge (b)
Bourdon tube pressure gauge ( c) Deadweight pressure gauge and (d)
Bellows pressure gauge.
Simple manometers
A basic manometer seems to be a glass tube with one
.endpoint linked to a place wherever pressure would be
to be determined as well as the other end accessible
towards the atmosphere,
Piezometer
The rise of liquid gives pressure head at that point. At point “A” ,
the height of a liquid say “h” in piezometer tube then pressure at
point “A” is =ρx g x h N/m2

www.pharmaguideline.com
Simple manometers
U tube manometer
A manometer is an instrument that has a
small tube in the shape of a U that is filled
with liquid to measure pressure or flow.

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