Lesson

Information Systems in the

2 Enterprise

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 Objectives

1. What are the major types of systems in a business? What role do

they play?
2. How do information systems support the major business
functions: sales and marketing, manufacturing and production,
finance and accounting, and human resources?
3. Why should managers pay attention to business processes?
Why do firms need to integrate their business processes?
4. What are enterprise applications? What role do they play?
What benefits do they provide?
5. What types of information systems are used by companies
that operate internationally?

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 Management Challenges

1. Integration: Different systems serve variety of

functions, connecting organizational levels
difficult, costly

2. Enlarging scope of management thinking: Huge

system investments, long development time
must be guided by common objectives

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 Major Types of Systems in Organizations

Types of information systems

Figure 2-1
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 Major Types of Systems in Organizations

Four Major Types of Systems

1. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

2. Management Information Systems (MIS)

3. Decision-Support Systems (DSS)

4. Executive-Support Systems (ESS)

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 Four Major Types of Systems

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 Major Types of Systems in Organizations

The four major types of information systems

Figure 2-2
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 Major Types of Systems in Organizations

Four Major Types of Systems

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

• Basic business systems that serve the organization’s

operational level
• Input: Transactions, events
• Processing: Sorting, listing, merging, updating
• Output: Detailed reports, lists, summaries
• Users: Operations personnel, supervisors

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 Major Types of Systems in Organizations

A symbolic representation for a payroll TPS

Figure 2-3
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 Major Types of Systems in Organizations

Typical applications of TPS

Figure 2-4
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 Major Types of Systems in Organizations

Four Major Types of Systems

Management Information Systems (MIS)

• Serve management level; provide reports and access to
company data
• Input: Summary transaction data, high-volume data,
simple models
• Processing: Routine reports, simple models, low-level
analysis
• Output: Summary and exception reports
• Users: Middle managers

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 Major Types of Systems in Organizations

How management information systems obtain their data

from the organization’s TPS

Figure 2-5
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 Major Types of Systems in Organizations

A sample report that might be produced by the MIS in Figure 2-5

Figure 2-6
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 Major Types of Systems in Organizations

Four Major Types of Systems

Decision-Support Systems (DSS)

• Serve management level with data analysis for making
decisions
• Input: Low-volume data or massive databases, analytic
models, and data analysis tools
• Processing: Interactive, simulations, analysis
• Output: Special reports, decision analyses, responses to
queries
• Users: Professionals, staff managers

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 Major Types of Systems in Organizations

Voyage-estimating decision-support system

Figure 2-7
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 Major Types of Systems in Organizations

Four Major Types of Systems

Executive Support Systems (ESS)

• Provide communications and computing environment

that serves the organization’s strategic level
• Input: External and internal aggregate data
• Processing: Graphics, simulations, interactive
• Output: Projections, responses to queries
• Users: Senior Managers

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 Major Types of Systems in Organizations

Model of a typical executive support system

Figure 2-8
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 Major Types of Systems in Organizations

Interrelationships among systems

Figure 2-9
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 Business Intelligence and
Business Intelligence Systems
•
Business intelligence
– Data and software tools for organizing and analyzing data
– Used to help managers and users make improved decisions
•
Business intelligence systems
– Management information systems
– Decision support systems
– Executive support systems

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 Systems from a Functional Perspective

Major Business Functions

1. Sales and Marketing Systems

2. Manufacturing and Production Systems
3. Finance and Accounting Systems
4. Human Resource Systems

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 Systems from a Functional Perspective

Sales and Marketing Systems

• Help identify customers

• Develop products and services
• Promote products and services
• Sell products and services
• Provide ongoing customer support

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 Systems from a Functional Perspective

Table 2-2: Examples of Sales and Marketing Information Systems

System Description Organizational

Level
Order processing Enter, process, and Operational
track orders

Pricing analysis Determine prices for Management

products and
services
Sales trend Prepare 5-year sales Strategic
forecasting forecasts

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 Systems from a Functional Perspective

Manufacturing and Production Systems

• Planning, development, production of products

and services
• maintenance of production facilities
• Acquisition, storage, availability of materials
• Scheduling materials, facilities, labor
• Controlling the flow of production

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 Systems from a Functional Perspective

Table 2-3: Examples of Manufacturing and Production Information Systems

System Description Organizational

Level
Machine control Control the actions Operational
of machines and
equipment
Production Decide when and Management
planning how many products
should be produced
Facilities Decide where to Strategic
location locate new facilities

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 Systems from a Functional Perspective

Overview of an inventory system

Figure 2-10
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 Systems from a Functional Perspective

Finance and Accounting Systems

• Manage firm’s financial assets: cash, stocks,

bonds, etc.
• Manage capitalization of firm and finding new
financial assets
• Maintain and manage financial records

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 Systems from a Functional Perspective

Table 2-4: Examples of Finance and Accounting Information Systems

System Description Organizational

Level
Accounts Track money owed Operational
receivable the firm

Budgeting Prepare short-term Management

budgets

Profit planning Plan long-term Strategic

profits

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 Systems from a Functional Perspective

Human Resources Systems

• Identify potential employees

• Maintain employee records
• Track employee skills, job performance, and
training
• Support planning for employee compensation
and career development

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 Systems from a Functional Perspective

Table 2-5: Examples of Human Resources Information Systems

System Description Organizational

Level
Training and Track employee Operational
development training, skills, and
performance
Compensation Monitor wages, Management
analysis salaries, benefits

Human Plan long-term labor Strategic

resources force needs
planning
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 Systems from a Functional Perspective

An employee record-keeping system

Figure 2-11
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 Enterprise Applications

Business Processes and Information Systems

Business Processes
A business process is defined as a series of tasks or a set of
activities performed by a group of stakeholders to achieve an
organizational goal.

 Manner in which work is organized, coordinated, and focused

 Concrete workflows of material, information, and knowledge
 Unique ways to coordinate work, information, and
knowledge

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 Enterprise Applications

Business Processes and Information Systems

Cross-Functional Business Processes

• Transcend boundary between sales, marketing,
manufacturing, and research and development

• Group employees from different functional

specialties to a complete piece of work

Example: Order Fulfillment Process

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 Enterprise Applications

The order fulfillment process

Figure 2-12
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 Enterprise Applications

Enterprise application architecture

Figure 2-13
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 Enterprise Applications

Business Processes and Information Systems

Enterprise Applications
• Enterprise systems
– Supply chain management systems
– Customer relationship management systems
– Knowledge management systems

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 Enterprise Applications

Traditional view of systems

Figure 2-14
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 Enterprise Applications

Enterprise Systems

• Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

• Provides single information system for
organization-wide coordination and integration
of key business processes
• Models and automates many business processes

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 Enterprise Applications

Enterprise systems

Figure 2-15
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 Enterprise Applications

Supply Chain Management and Collaborative Commerce

• Supply Chain Management Systems (SCM): Automate

flow of information between firm and suppliers to
optimize production and delivery

• Supply Chain Management: Close linkage of activities

involved in buying, making, moving a product

• Supply Chain: Network of organizations and business

processes for production and distribution of products

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 Enterprise Applications

A supply chain

Figure 2-16
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 Enterprise Applications

Supply Chain Management and Collaborative Commerce

Information Systems Can Help Supply Chain Participants:

• Decide when and what to produce, store, and move
• Rapidly communicate orders
• Track status of orders
• Check and monitor inventory
• Reduce inventory, transportation, warehousing costs
• Track shipments
• Plan production based on actual customer demand
• Rapidly communicate changes in product design

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 Enterprise Applications

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

• Manages ways used to deal with existing and

potential customers

• Both a business and technology discipline

• Uses information systems to coordinate all

customer interaction processes in sales,
marketing, and service.

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 Enterprise Applications

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

Customer Relationship Management Systems

• Track all customer interactions

• Analyze data to optimize revenue,
profitability, customer satisfaction,
customer retention

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 Enterprise Applications

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

Figure 2-18
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 Enterprise Applications

Knowledge Management Systems in the Enterprise

Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)

• Collect relevant knowledge and
experience in firm to support business
processes and management decisions
• Manage and distribute documents and
other digital knowledge objects

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 Enterprise Applications

Knowledge Management Systems in the Enterprise

Role of Knowledge Management Systems

• Acquire knowledge
• Store knowledge
• Distribute knowledge
• Apply knowledge

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