Scribd
Upload
10 views

Chapter+4 Part+1+ (Development+of+New+Atomic+Model)

Uploaded by

xuevincent077
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

Chapter+4 Part+1+ (Development+of+New+Atomic+Model)

Uploaded by

xuevincent077
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

Chapter 4 –

Electrons in Atoms
Part -1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSAgLvKOPLQ
The Rutherford Model
• Rutherford model was improvement over other models but it was
incomplete.
• Model does not explain how electrons are distributed around the nucleus.
..

• Does not explain the stability of atom.


Wave Description of light
• There are 4 properties of a wave that you need to
be able to identify.
• The crest is the highest point of a wave.
• The trough is the lowest point of a wave.
• The amplitude the distance between the rest
position and the crest.
• The wavelength (l) is the distance between two
crests or two troughs.
Frequency
• The frequency is the number of waves that pass a
given point in a certain amount of time.
• Frequency (n) is measured in Hertz (Hz). A hertz is
s-1.

c = ln

c = speed of light (3.00 x 108 m/s)


l = wavelength (m)
n = frequency (Hz) or S-1
Electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic radiation consists of two
perpendicular waves, one electric and one magnetic,
propagating at the speed of light (c).

Electromagnetic radiation is radiant energy that


includes radio waves, microwaves, visible light, x-rays,
and gamma rays, which differ in their frequencies and
wavelengths.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• All electromagnetic waves together form the
electromagnetic spectrum.
• They travel at the same speed, so as wavelength
increases, frequency decreases.
Sample Problem
• Two electromagnetic waves are represented
below.
a. Which wave has the higher frequency?
b. If one wave represents visible light and the other
represents infrared radiation, which wave is which?
Practice Problem
• If one of the waves below represents blue light
and the other red light, which is which?
Sample Problem
• The yellow light given off by a sodium vapor lamp
used for public lighting has a wavelength of 589
nm. What is the frequency of this radiation?
Practice Problem
• A laser used in eye surgery to fuse detached
retinas produces radiation with a wavelength of
640.0 nm. Calculate the frequency of radiation.

• An FM radio station broadcasts electromagnetic


radiation at a frequency of 103.4 MHz (megahertz).
Calculate the wavelength of this radiation.
Wave vs. Particle
• We must consider that light possesses both
wavelike and particle-like characteristics (dual
wave-particle) .
Phenomenon Can be explained Can be explained
by waves. by particles.
Reflection

Refraction

Interference

Diffraction

Polarization

Photoelectric
effect
Photoelectric Effect
• Photoelectric effect occurs when light of a certain
frequency shining on the surface of a metal
causes electrons to be emitted from the metal.
• Different metals require different minimum
frequencies to exhibit photo electric effect.
• In this case, light behaves like a stream of tiny
energy packets called photons.
Quantum
• Acc. to Planck’s a quantum of energy is the
minimum quantity of energy that can be lost or
gained by an atom.
Energy Formula

E = hu

• E = energy (J)
• h = Planck’s constant (6.626 x 10-34 J.s)
• u = frequency (Hz or s-1)
Planck’s Theory
• According to Planck’s theory, matter is allowed
to emit or absorb energy only in whole-
number ratios of hu.
• Since hu is a very small number, a quantum of
energy is a very small amount.
• Because energy can be released only in
specific amounts, we say that energy is
quantized.
Sample Exercise
• Calculate the energy of one photon of yellow
light with a wavelength of 589nm.
Practice Exercise
• A laser emits light with a frequency of 4.69 x 10 14
s-1. What is the energy of one photon of the
radiation from this laser?
The Hydrogen-Atom Line-Emission
Spectrum

Electric current passed through a vacuum tube


containing hydrogen gas at low pressure

Emission of a characteristic pinkish glow when a narrow


beam of the emitted light was shined through a prism,
it was separated into a series of specific frequencies of
visible light. The bands of light were part of what is
known as hydrogen’s LINE-EMISSION SPECTRUM.
Atomic Emission Spectra
• The atomic emission spectrum is the set of
specific wavelengths that are emitted when an
element is electrified.
• The atomic emission spectrum is unique for each
element just like fingerprints for humans.
Continuous Spectrum
• A continuous spectrum contains light of all
wavelengths. Ex: rainbow
The Bohr Model
• Niels Bohr studied the hydrogen atom because it
was the most simplistic.
• Bohr proposed that an electron is found only in
specific circular paths, or orbits, around the
nucleus.
• Each possible electron orbit in Bohr’s model has a
fixed energy. The fixed energies an electron can
have are called energy levels.
The Bohr Model
• The energy levels get closer together as you
move farther from the nucleus.
• The energy levels also get higher in energy as you
move farther from the nucleus.
Electrons Jump
• Electrons can jump from one energy level to
another.
• A quantum of energy is the amount of energy
required to move an electron from one energy
level to another.
Electrons Jump
• An electron must gain energy to jump to a higher
energy level.
• When an electron has jumped to a higher energy
level, it is in an excited state.
• An electron must lose energy to fall to a lower
energy level.
• When an electron is at the lowest energy level
possible, it is at ground state.
Atoms Emit Light
• Atoms can emit light when you add heat, electricity, or
reaction energy.

• The electrons start at ground state. When they absorb


energy, they jump to a higher energy level (excited state).

• They have to lose the energy to fall back to ground state,


and they lose some of that energy in the form of visible
light.

• Atoms emit light when the electrons fall to ground state.


Atomic Absorption & Emission Spectrum

E2- E1 = Ephoton= hu
Bohr’s Postulates

1. Hydrogen’s electrons can only exist in orbits of


certain radii which correspond to specific
energies.
2. An electron in a permitted orbit has a specific
energy. It will not radiate energy and therefore
will not spiral into the nucleus.
3. Energy is emitted and absorbed by the electron
only as the electron changes from one energy
level to another. This energy is emitted or
absorbed as a photon, E = hu.
Bohr’s Model Restrictions
• Bohr’s model accurately describes the movement
of an electron in the hydrogen atom, but it
cannot describe the movement of multi-electron
atoms.
• Bohr’s model is significant in two ways:
1. Electrons exist in specific energy levels.
2. Energy is involved when electrons move from one
level to another.

You might also like