CSC 311: Computer

Networks and
Communication
(Lecture 4)
Dr. S. Omaji
Email: [email protected]
Department of Computer Science
Edo State University Uzairue, Edo State Nigeria
“CSC 311: Computer Networks and Communication” Unit:3
Lecture 04: 2022-2023 Academic Session
Carrier Analysis and
Channel Characteristics

“CSC 311: Computer Networks and Communication” Unit:3

Lecture 04: 2022-2023 Academic Session
 3
Broadband and Baseband (1/2)

 A baseband technology uses the entire

communication channel for its transmission.
 Whereas, broadband technology divides the
communication channel into individual and
independent subchannels so that different types of
data can be transmitted simultaneously.
 Baseband permits only one signal to be transmitted
at a time.
 Whereas, broadband carries several signals over
different subchannels.

“CSC 311: Computer Networks and Communication” Unit:3

Lecture 04: 2022-2023 Academic Session
 4

Broadband and Baseband (2/2)

 For example, a coaxial cable TV (CATV) system is a
broadband technology that delivers multiple
television channels over the same cable.
 This system can also provide home users with
Internet access, but these data are transmitted at a
different frequency spectrum than the TV channels.
 As an analogy, baseband technology only provides a
one-lane highway for data to get from one point to
another point.
 A broadband technology provides a data highway
made up of many different lanes, so that not only can
more data be moved from one point to another point,
but different types of data can travel over the
individual lanes.
“CSC 311: Computer Networks and Communication” Unit:3
Lecture 04: 2022-2023 Academic Session
 5
Dedicated
Links
 A dedicated link is also called a leased line or
point-to-point link.
 It is one single link that is pre-established for
the purposes of WAN communications between
two destinations.
 It is dedicated, meaning only the destination
points can communicate with each other.
 This link is not shared by any other entities at
any time.

“CSC 311: Computer Networks and Communication” Unit:3

Lecture 04: 2022-2023 Academic Session
 6
T-Carriers (1/4)
 T-carriers are dedicated lines that can carry
voice and data information over trunk lines.
 They were developed by AT&T and were initially
implemented in the early 1960s to support pulse-
code modulation (PCM) voice transmission.
 This was first used to digitize the voice over a
dedicated, two-point, high-capacity connection
line.
 The most commonly used T-carriers are T1 lines
and T3 lines.

“CSC 311: Computer Networks and Communication” Unit:3

Lecture 04: 2022-2023 Academic Session
 7
T-Carriers (2/4)
 Both are digital circuits that multiplex several
individual channels into a higher-speed channel.
 These lines can have multiplex functionality
through time-division multiplexing (TDM).

Figure 4.7: Multiplexing puts several phone calls, or data

transmissions, on the same wire

“CSC 311: Computer Networks and Communication” Unit:3

Lecture 04: 2022-2023 Academic Session
 8
T-Carriers (3/4)
 Dedicated lines have their drawbacks. They
are expensive and inflexible.
 If a company moves to another location, a T1
line cannot easily follow it.
 A dedicated line is expensive because
companies have to pay for a dedicated
connection with a lot of bandwidth even when
they do not use the bandwidth.
 Not many companies require this level of
bandwidth 24 hours a day.

“CSC 311: Computer Networks and Communication” Unit:3

Lecture 04: 2022-2023 Academic Session
 9
T-Carriers (4/4)

 Instead, they may have data to send out

here and there, but not continuously.
 The cost of a dedicated line is
determined by the distance to the
destination.
 A T1 line run from one building to
another building two miles away is much
cheaper than a T1 line that covers 50
miles or a full state.
“CSC 311: Computer Networks and Communication” Unit:3
Lecture 04: 2022-2023 Academic Session
 10

A T-Carrier Hierarchy Summary

Chart

Carriers No. of TIs No. of Speed (Mbps)

Channels
T1 1/24 24 1.544
T2 4 96 6.312
T3 28 672 44.736
T4 168 4,032 274.760

“CSC 311: Computer Networks and Communication” Unit:3

Lecture 04: 2022-2023 Academic Session
 11
E-Carriers
 E-carriers are similar to T-carrier
telecommunication connections, where a single
physical wire pair can be used to carry many
simultaneous voice conversations by time-
division multiplexing.
 Within this technology 30 channels interleave
eight bits of data in a frame.
 While the T-carrier and E-carrier technologies
are similar, they are not interoperable.
 E-carriers are used by European countries.

“CSC 311: Computer Networks and Communication” Unit:3

Lecture 04: 2022-2023 Academic Session
 12

E-carrier Channels and

Associated Rates
Signals Rates
E0 64 Kbit/s
E1 2.048 Mbit/s
E2 8.448 Mbit/s
E3 34.368 Mbit/s
E4 139.264 Mbit/s
E5 565.148 Mbit/s

“CSC 311: Computer Networks and Communication” Unit:3

Lecture 04: 2022-2023 Academic Session
 13
Optical Carrier (1/2)

 High-speed fiber-optic connections are

measured in optical carrier (OC)
transmission rates.
 The transmission rates are defined by rate
of the bit stream of the digital signal and
are designated by an integer value of the
multiple of the basic unit of rate.
 They are generically referred to as OCx,
where the “x” represents a multiplier of the
basic OC-1 transmission rate, which is
51.84 Mbps.
“CSC 311: Computer Networks and Communication” Unit:3
Lecture 04: 2022-2023 Academic Session
 14
Optical Carrier (2/2)
 Small and medium-sized companies that
require high-speed Internet connectivity
may use OC-3 or OC-12 connections.
 Service providers that require much larger
amounts of bandwidth may use one or
more OC-48 connections.
 OC-192 and greater connections are
commonly used for the Internet backbone,
which connects the largest networks in
the world together.

“CSC 311: Computer Networks and Communication” Unit:3

Lecture 04: 2022-2023 Academic Session
 15
OC Transmission Rates
Optical Carrier Speed
OC-1 51.84 Mbps
OC-3 155.52 Mbps
OC-9 466.56 Mbps
OC-12 622.08 Mbps
OC-19 933.12 Mbps
OC-24 1.244 Gbps
OC-36 1.866 Gbps
OC-48 2.488 Gbps
OC-96 4.977 Gbps
OC-192 9.953 Gbps
OC-768 40 Gbps
OC-3072 160 Gbps

“CSC 311: Computer Networks and Communication” Unit:3

Lecture 04: 2022-2023 Academic Session