Partial

Fractions
Ivan Jerome Panis | MPS FIT | COE0001
Objectives

At the end of the lecture, the students must be able to:

 Define the goal of expressing terms as partial fraction

 Recall the methods of factoring of polynomials
 Identify the cases/types for partial fraction decomposition
 Solve problems involving partial fractions
Partial Fraction Decomposition

We can write the expression

as the sum of fractions given by

General Examples “deg(P) =
deg(Q)”
General Examples “deg(P) ≥
deg(Q)”
 Linear Factors

17 8
5 𝑥 −3 5 𝑥 −3 𝐴 𝐵 5 5 17 8
= = + = + = +
𝑥 −3 𝑥 − 4 (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 +1) 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +1 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +1 5(𝑥 − 4 ) 5(𝑥 +1)
2

5 𝑥 −3= 𝐴 ( 𝑥 +1)+ 𝐵( 𝑥 − 4)

4 )4 )− 3= 𝐴( 4 +1)+ 𝐵( 4 − 4)
5 (If− 1 )− 3= 𝐴( − 1 +1 )+ 𝐵 (−If1 − 5(
−5 − 3=−5 𝐵 2 0 − 3=5 𝐴
− 8=−5 𝐵 1 7 =5 𝐴
8 17
𝐵= 𝐴=
5 5
Example

6 𝑥 − 22
2
2 𝑥 + 7 𝑥 − 15
 Repeated Linear Factors

7 𝑥 −11 𝐴 𝐵 7 3
= + = +
( 𝑥 −2)
2
𝑥 − 2 ( 𝑥 −2)
2
𝑥 − 2 ( 𝑥 −2)
2

[ 7 𝑥 − 11
=
𝐴
+
𝐵
( 𝑥 −2)2 𝑥 −2 ( 𝑥 − 2)2 ]
( 𝑥 −2)2
7 𝑥 − 11= 𝐴 ( 𝑥 − 2)+ 𝐵
7 𝑥 − 11= 𝐴 𝑥 −2 𝐴 + 𝐵
𝑥 − 11= 𝐴 𝑥 −2𝐴
𝐴+𝐵 =7

𝑥 − 11= 𝐴 𝑥 −2 −
𝐴+2𝐵𝐴 + 𝐵 =− 𝐵
11)+ 𝐵
− 2 (7 =
=− 11
Example

2
3 𝑥 − 24 𝑥 + 53
3 2
𝑥 − 6 𝑥 + 9 𝑥
 Quadratic Factors

2
6 𝑥 + 21 𝑥 +11
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶
( 𝑥 ¿ ¿ 2 +3 )( 𝑥 +5 )= + ¿
2
𝑥+ 5
¿
𝑥 +3

2
𝑥 +21 𝑥 +11=( 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 ) ( 𝑥+ 5 ) +𝐶 ( 𝑥 ¿¿ 2+ 3)¿ 𝐴 + 𝐶 =6
2 2
6 𝑥 +21 𝑥 +11= 𝐴 𝑥 +5 𝐴+ 𝐵𝑥+5 𝐵+ 𝐶 𝑥 + 3 𝐶
2
5 𝐴 + 𝐵= 21
2 2 5 𝐵 +3 𝐶=11
6 𝑥 +21 𝑥 +11=( 𝐴 +𝐶 ) 𝑥 + ( 5 𝐴 + 𝐵 ) 𝑥 +(5 𝐵+3 𝐶 )
 Quadratic Factors

𝐴 + 𝐶 =6
𝐴 + 𝐵= 21
𝐵 +3 𝐶=11
 Repeated Quadratic Factors

4 3 2
3 𝑥 −2 𝑥 + 6 𝑥 −3 𝑥+ 3
2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
( 𝑥 ¿ ¿ 2 +2 ) ( 𝑥 +3 )= + ¿
2
𝑥 +2 𝐸
( 𝑥 ¿ ¿ 2 + 2) 2+ ¿

¿
𝑥+ 3

4 3 2 2
3 𝑥 −2 𝑥 + 6 𝑥 −3 𝑥+ 3=( 𝐴𝑥+ 𝐵 ) (𝑥 ¿¿ 2+ 2)(𝑥 +3)+(𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 +3)+ 𝐸 (𝑥¿ ¿ 2+2) ¿ ¿
3 𝑥 −2 𝑥 + 6 𝑥 −3 𝑥+ 3=( 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 ¿ ¿ 3+3 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 +6)+(𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 +3)+ 𝐸 (𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 4 )¿
4 3 2 2 4 2

4 3 2 4 3 2 3 2 2 4 2
3 𝑥 −2 𝑥 +6 𝑥 −3 𝑥+3= 𝐴 𝑥 +3 𝐴 𝑥 +2 𝐴 𝑥 +6 𝐴𝑥+ 𝐵 𝑥 +3 𝐵 𝑥 +2 𝐵𝑥+6 𝐵+𝐶 𝑥 +3 𝐶𝑥+𝐷𝑥+3 𝐷+𝐸 𝑥 +4 𝐸 𝑥 +4 𝐸
4 3 2 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2
3 𝑥 −2 𝑥 +6 𝑥 −3 𝑥+3= 𝐴 𝑥 +𝐸 𝑥 +3 A 𝑥 +𝐵 𝑥 +2 𝐴 𝑥 +3 𝐵 𝑥 +𝐶 𝑥 +4 𝐸 𝑥 +6 𝐴𝑥+2 𝐵𝑥+3 𝐶𝑥+ 𝐷𝑥+6 𝐵+3 𝐷+4 𝐸
4 3 2 4 3 2
3 𝑥 −2 𝑥 + 6 𝑥 −3 𝑥+ 3=( 𝐴+ 𝐸) 𝑥 +(3 𝐴+ 𝐵) 𝑥 +(2 𝐴+3 𝐵+ 𝐶+ 4 𝐸)𝑥 + ( 6 𝐴+2 𝐵+3 𝐶 + 𝐷 ) 𝑥 +6 𝐵+3 𝐷 +4 𝐸
 Repeated Quadratic Factors

4 3 2 4 3 2
3 𝑥 −2 𝑥 + 6 𝑥 −3 𝑥+ 3=( 𝐴+ 𝐸) 𝑥 +(3 𝐴+ 𝐵) 𝑥 +(2 𝐴+3 𝐵+ 𝐶+ 4 𝐸)𝑥 + ( 6 𝐴+2 𝐵+3 𝐶 + 𝐷 ) 𝑥 +6 𝐵+3 𝐷 +

If
3 𝑥 4 −2 𝑥3 + 6 𝑥2 −3 𝑥+ 3=( 𝐴𝑥+ 𝐵 ) ( 𝑥 ¿¿ 2+ 2)( 𝑥 +3)+(𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)( 𝑥 +3)+ 𝐸 ( 𝑥¿ ¿ 2+2)2 ¿ ¿
4 3 2 2
3 (− 3 ) − 2 ( − 3 ) + 6 ( − 3 ) − 3 (− 3 )+3 = 𝐸 ( − 3 ¿ ¿ 2 +2 ) ¿
3 63 = 121 𝐴+ 𝐸 𝐸 =3
𝐸=3 𝐴=0 𝐵=−2 𝐶 =0 𝐷=1 3 𝐴 + 𝐵 =−
2 𝐴+ 3 𝐵+𝐶 + 4 𝐸 =
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
2
+
𝐸
−2
+
1 6 𝐴 +2 𝐵+3 𝐶+ 𝐷=
𝑥 +2 𝑥 +2 ( 𝑥 ¿¿ 2+2)2 + 3 ¿
2 2
( 𝑥¿ ¿ 2+2) + ¿
𝑥 +3 𝑥+3 6 𝐵+ 3 𝐷+ 4 𝐸=
Exponential Functions
Ivan Jerome Panis | MPS FIT | COE0001
Objectives

At the end of the lecture, the students must be able to:

 Identify domains and ranges of exponential functions

 Evaluate exponential functions
 List the different properties of exponential functions
 Perform operations on exponential functions
 Exponential Function

A function

is an exponential function of base a and exponent x.

Example:

In evaluating an exponential function, it is a must that we know

its domain, range, and properties.
Example Graphs

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =2 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=6 h ( 𝑥 )=10
Example Graphs

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =2 +1 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=2 − 3 h ( 𝑥 )=2 + 7
Example Graphs

( ) ( ) −5 ( ) +2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 1 1
𝑓 (𝑥 )= 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )= h ( 𝑥 )=
2 2 2
Example Graphs

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =−2 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=− 2 −3 h ( 𝑥 )=− 2 +7
Domain and Range

For an exponential function , the domain is and the range is .

For an exponential function , the domain is and the range is

Example: The domain of the function is and its range is.

Laws of Exponents

Example:

2 5
𝑎 ∙ 𝑎 =?
6 −2
( 𝑏 ) =?
−3 0
( 𝑐 ) =?

( )
3 3
𝑥
=?
𝑦
 Solving for the variable

2𝑥 −1 𝑥+ 2 2 𝑥− 3 𝑥
2
3𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥)=2 3 =9 2 ∙ 2 =16
Find x such that f(x)=16. Find x that will Find x that will
satisfy the equation satisfy the equation
above. above.
 Solving for the variable

3 𝑥 −2 2𝑥
5 =125
 Solving for the variable

4 𝑥− 12 5 𝑥 −3
8 =16
 Solving for the variable

3 𝑥 −2 2 𝑥 +7
27 =81
 Solving for the variable

𝑥
3 =5
Natural Exponent e

The function
𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥)=𝑒
is an exponential function of base e and
exponent x where e is an irrational
number equal to 2.71828…

𝑥 𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥)=𝑒 𝑓 ( 𝑥)=−𝑒
−𝑥 −𝑥
( )
𝑓 ( 𝑥)=𝑒 𝑓 𝑥 =−𝑒
Logarithmic Functions
Ivan Jerome Panis | MPS FIT | COE0001
Objectives

At the end of the lecture, the students must be able to:

 Identify domains and ranges of logarithmic functions

 Evaluate logarithmic functions
 List the different properties of logarithmic functions
 Perform operations on logarithmic functions
Logarithmic Function

The function

𝑓 ( 𝑥)=log 𝑏 𝑎
log 𝑏 𝑎=𝑦
is a logarithmic function of base b and
argument a which can be written also as
𝑦
𝑏 =𝑎
where
Laws of Logarithm
Example

Solve for

Solve for
Example

Solve for

Given that and , find

Example

Expand and simplify the expression

Expand and simplify the expression

Example

Expand and simplify the expression

Example

Solve for x:
Example

Solve for x:
Example

Solve for x:
Example

Solve for x:
Example

Solve for x:
SHORT QUIZ (15 PTS)

Solve for x:

Elaborate/Expand using different logarithmic properties/laws:

Solve for x:
Homework

Watch the video recording I will be uploading on

Canvas regarding radioactive growth and decay.
These are applications of exponential functions.