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1 Chapter01

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MoJaradat98
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Chapter 1

Introducing Research
and Its Use in Nursing
Practice
What Is Research?
Research
Systematic inquiry using disciplined methods to
solve problems or answer questions
 Its purpose is to develop, refine,
and expand knowledge.

Nursing research
Systematic inquiry to develop knowledge about
issues of importance to the nursing profession
Clinical Nursing Research: is,
Research designed to generate
knowledge to Guide practice &
to Improve the Health & Quality
of Life of Clients.
Roles of Nurses in Research

 Evidence-based practice (EBP)—the


use of the best clinical evidence in
making patient care decisions
 Both consumers and producers play a
key role in EBP
 Consumer-Producer Continuum Continuum of
participation, from producer of research to
intelligent consumer of research findings
History of Nursing
Research
 1959 Nightingale’s Notes

 2000 Refereed Journals


History of Nursing Research
 Florence Nightingale pioneered research, 1850s
 First journal on research (Nursing Research)
emerged, 1950s
 Clinical research becomes increasingly
important, 1970s
 National Center for Nursing Research
established at NIH, 1986
 National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)
established, 1993
 NINR budget exceeds $100 million, 2000s
National Institute of
Nursing Research
Priorities 2000-2004
 Identify & support research
opportunities that produce
significant contributions to
health
 Identify & support future
areas on high quality & cost-
effective care
 Communicate and disseminate
research findings
 Enhance the development of
nurse researchers
Future Directions for Nursing
Research
 Heightened focus on evidence-based practice
 Use of multiple confirmatory strategies (e.g., replication
and multisite studies
 Greater stress on systematic reviews
 Expanded local research in health care settings (e.g., as
part of Magnet process)
 More multidisciplinary collaboration
 Expanded dissemination of research findings
 Greater focus on cultural issues and health disparities
Future Directions for Nursing
Research
 Focus on outcomes research
 Focus on biophysiologic research
 Promotion of evidence-based practice
 Development of multiple confirmatory
strategies and replication
 Strengthening of multidisiplinary
collaboration
 Dissemination of research findings
 Greater stress on integrative reviews
 Increasing the visibility of nursing
research
Sources of Evidence for Nursing
Practice
 Tradition
 Authority
 Clinical experience; trial and error;
intuition
 Logical reasoning (inductive & deductive)
 Assembled information (e.g., quality
improvement data)
 Disciplined research
Relative importance of different ways of knowing to
different belief systems
Religion Government Philosophy Science

1. authority 1. authority 1. logic 1.


observation
2. intuition 2. intuition 2. 2. logic
observation

3. logic 3. logic 3. intuition 3. intuition


4. 4. 4. authority 4. authority
observation observation

Pelham & Blanton, 2003, p. 24


Paradigms and Methods for
Nursing Research
Paradigm—a world view; a general
perspective on the complexities of the
real world, with certain assumptions
about reality
Key paradigms for nursing research:
 Positivist paradigm
 Naturalistic paradigm
In Nursing Research, Disciplined Inquiry
is conducted within two broad paradigms

The Positivist Paradigm The Naturalistic Paradigm


Paradigms for Nursing
Research:
· ** A paradigm, is a World View, a
general perspective on the real
world complexities.
Paradigms for human inquiry are
characterized in terms of the way
in which they respond to basic
questions:
 Ontologic: what is the nature of
reality?
 Epistemologic: What is the
relationship between the inquirer &
the subject being studied?
 Axiologic: What is the role of
values in the inquiry?
 Methodologic: How should the
inquirer obtain knowledge?
What Is the Nature of Reality?
 Positivist assumption: Reality exists;
there is a real world driven by natural
causes.

 Naturalist assumption: Reality is


multiple and subjective; constructed
by individuals.
How Is the Inquirer Related to
Those Being Studied?

 Positivist assumption: The inquirer is


independent from those being studied.

 Naturalist assumption: The inquirer


interacts with those being studied;
findings reflect this interaction.
What Is the Role of Values in
the Inquiry?

 Positivist assumption: Values are held


in check; objectivity is sought.

 Naturalist assumption: Subjectivity


and values are inevitable, desirable.
How Is Knowledge Obtained?
Research methods—the techniques
used to structure a study and to
gather, analyze, and interpret
information
 Quantitative research—most often
allied with the positivist tradition
 Qualitative research—most often
allied with the naturalist tradition
Key Differences in Research
Methods
Positivist Naturalistic
Fixed design Flexible design
Discrete, specific concepts Holistic
Deductive processes Inductive processes
Control over context Context-bound
Verification of hunches Emerging
interpretations
Quantitative information Qualitative information
Seeks generalizations Seeks patterns
The purposes of
Nursing Research:
· The General purpose of
nursing research is to answer
questions or solve problems of
relevance to the nursing
profession.
Purposes of Nursing Research
 One way to categorize purposes: a description–
explanation continuum
 A basic distinction, especially relevant to
quantitative studies, is whether the study is cause-
probing, i.e., seeks to illuminate the underlying
causes of phenomena.
Research Approaches
 Basic (pure) research -  Basic Research:
tries to answer Understand
fundamental questions Extend the base of
about the nature of a knowledge in a discipline,
problem or to formulate or refine a
theory

 Applied research –
Theory sometimes takes  Applied Research:
a backseat. This is Finding Solutions to
research designed to existing problems
solve a particular problem
Common features of
quantitative and qualitative
research
Common features of the two
research paradigms:

 Ultimate goal
 External evidence
 Relying on human cooperation
 Ethical Constraints
 Fallibility of disciplined research
The Purposes of Nursing
Research
 Identification
 Description
 Exploration
 Explanation
 Prediction
 Control
 P 21
Specific Purposes of Nursing
Research
Quantitative Qualitative
 Identification X
 Description X X
 Exploration X X
 Prediction and Control X
 Explanation X X
Selected Key Research Terms
Quantitative Term Qualitative Term
Subject ---
Participant Study participant
Respondent Informant
--- Phenomena
Concepts, constructs Constructs, concepts
Variables ---
Data (numeric values) Data (narratives)
Relationships Patterns of association
Specific Purposes of Nursing
Research—EBP Framework
 Treatment, Therapy, Intervention
 Diagnosis, Assessment
 Prognosis
 Harm and Etiology
 Meaning, Process
Question

Is the following statement True or False?


 Quantitative research attempts to identify a
phenomenon.
Answer

 False
 Qualitative research, not quantitative
research, would be used to identify a
phenomenon.
Summary Points p 22
 Points to consider
 Is your personal world view closer to the
positivist or the naturalistic paradigm?
 What are some changes in your health
care delivery system, and how could these
changes influence nursing research?
 How does the ability to predict phenomena
offer the possibility of their control?

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