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14 views

Ws 7

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simeonyy755
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Topic 4: Physical Layer

- Chapter 7: Transmission Media

Business Data
Communications, 4e
Classes of Transmission
Media
Conducted or guided media
 use a conductor such as a wire or a
fiber optic cable to move the signal
from sender to receiver
Wireless or unguided media
 use radio waves of different
frequencies and do not need a wire or
cable conductor to transmit signals
Design Factors
for Transmission Media
Bandwidth: All other factors remaining constant,
the greater the band-width of a signal, the higher
the data rate that can be achieved.
Transmission impairments. Limit the distance a
signal can travel.
Interference: Competing signals in overlapping
frequency bands can distort or wipe out a signal.
Number of receivers: Each attachment introduces
some attenuation and distortion, limiting distance
and/or data rate.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
for Transmission Media
Guided Transmission
Media
Transmission capacity depends on
the distance and on whether the
medium is point-to-point or
multipoint
Examples
 twisted pair wires
 coaxial cables
 optical fiber
Twisted Pair Wires
Consists of two insulated copper wires
arranged in a regular spiral pattern to
minimize the electromagnetic
interference between adjacent pairs
Often used at customer facilities and
also over distances to carry voice as
well as data communications
Low frequency transmission medium
Types of Twisted Pair
STP (shielded twisted pair)
 the pair is wrapped with metallic foil
or braid to insulate the pair from
electromagnetic interference
UTP (unshielded twisted pair)
 each wire is insulated with plastic
wrap, but the pair is encased in an
outer covering
Ratings of Twisted Pair
Category 3 UTP
 data rates of up to 16mbps are achievable
Category 5 UTP
 data rates of up to 100mbps are achievable
 more tightly twisted than Category 3 cables
 more expensive, but better performance
STP
 More expensive, harder to work with
Twisted Pair Advantages
Inexpensive and readily available
Flexible and light weight
Easy to work with and install
Twisted Pair
Disadvantages
Susceptibility to interference and
noise
Attenuation problem
 For analog, repeaters needed every 5-
6km
 For digital, repeaters needed every 2-
3km
Relatively low bandwidth (3000Hz)
Coaxial Cable (or Coax)
Used for cable television, LANs,
telephony
Has an inner conductor surrounded
by a braided mesh
Both conductors share a common
center axial, hence the term “co-
axial”
Coax Layers
outer jacket
(polyethylene)
shield
(braided wire)

insulating material

copper or aluminum
conductor
Coax Advantages
Higher bandwidth
 400 to 600Mhz
 up to 10,800 voice conversations
Can be tapped easily (pros and
cons)
Much less susceptible to
interference than twisted pair
Coax Disadvantages
High attenuation rate makes it
expensive over long distance
Bulky
Fiber Optic Cable
Relatively new transmission medium
used by telephone companies in place
of long-distance trunk lines
Also used by private companies in
implementing local data
communications networks
Require a light source with injection
laser diode (ILD) or light-emitting diodes
(LED)
Fiber Optic Layers
consists of three concentric
sections
plastic jacket glass or plastic fiber core
cladding
Fiber Optic Types
multimode step-index fiber
 the reflective walls of the fiber move the
light pulses to the receiver
multimode graded-index fiber
 acts to refract the light toward the center of
the fiber by variations in the density
single mode fiber
 the light is guided down the center of an
extremely narrow core
Fiber Optic Signals

fiber optic multimode


step-index

fiber optic multimode


graded-index

fiber optic single mode


Fiber Optic Advantages

greater capacity (bandwidth of up


to 2 Gbps)
smaller size and lighter weight
lower attenuation
immunity to environmental
interference
highly secure due to tap difficulty
and lack of signal radiation
Fiber Optic Disadvantages
expensive over short distance
requires highly skilled installers
adding additional nodes is difficult
Wireless (Unguided Media)
Transmission
transmission and reception are
achieved by means of an antenna
directional
 transmitting antenna puts out focused beam
 transmitter and receiver must be aligned
omnidirectional
 signal spreads out in all directions
 can be received by many antennas
Wireless Examples
terrestrial microwave
satellite microwave
broadcast radio
infrared
Terrestrial Microwave
used for long-distance telephone service
uses radio frequency spectrum, from 2 to
40 Ghz
parabolic dish transmitter, mounted high
used by common carriers as well as
private networks
requires unobstructed line of sight
between source and receiver
curvature of the earth requires stations
(repeaters) ~30 miles apart
Satellite Microwave
Applications

Television distribution
Long-distance telephone
transmission
Private business networks
Microwave Transmission
Disadvantages
line of sight requirement
expensive towers and repeaters
subject to interference such as
passing airplanes and rain
Satellite
Microwave Transmission
a microwave relay station in space
can relay signals over long distances
geostationary satellites
 remain above the equator at a height of
22,300 miles (geosynchronous orbit)
 travel around the earth in exactly the
time the earth takes to rotate
Satellite Transmission
Links
earth stations communicate by
sending signals to the satellite on
an uplink
the satellite then repeats those
signals on a downlink
the broadcast nature of the
downlink makes it attractive for
services such as the distribution of
television programming
Satellite Transmission
Process
satellite
transponder

dish
dish
22,300 miles

uplink station downlink station


Satellite Transmission
Applications
television distribution
 a network provides programming
from a central location
 direct broadcast satellite (DBS)
long-distance telephone
transmission
 high-usage international trunks
private business networks
Principal Satellite
Transmission Bands
C band: 4(downlink) - 6(uplink) GHz
 the first to be designated
Ku band: 12(downlink) -14(uplink) GHz
 rain interference is the major problem
Ka band: 19(downlink) - 29(uplink) GHz
 equipment needed to use the band is still
very expensive
Fiber vs Satellite
Radio
radio is omnidirectional and
microwave is directional
Radio is a general term often used
to encompass frequencies in the
range 3 kHz to 300 GHz.
Mobile telephony occupies several
frequency bands just under 1 GHz.
Infrared
Uses transmitters/receivers
(transceivers) that modulate
noncoherent infrared light.
Transceivers must be within line of
sight of each other (directly or via
reflection ).
Unlike microwaves, infrared does
not penetrate walls.

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