APA 7th Edition

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 MOST NOTABLE CHANGES!!!
1. There are specific guidelines for student papers .
2. There is only one space after a period in the body of the paper.
3. Writing in-text citations for works with more than three authors.
4. More examples are given for how to properly paraphrase.
5. Including up to 20 authors for the items in the reference list.
6. For journal articles, you always include the issue number.
7. The way to write digital object identifiers (DOIs) and URLs have been
standardized.
8. You can select from 6 different fonts.
9. You no longer include the location of the publisher.
10. When using a DOI or URL they should be live hyperlinks.

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References and in-text citations
(Chapter 8 &9)

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2. In-text citations are shortened

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 2 Types of citations
• In narrative citations, the authors are part of the
sentence - you are referring to them by name. For
example:
 Omondi (2013) defined gamification as giving the
mechanics of principles of a game to other activities.
• In parenthetical citations The author's names are
placed in the brackets (parentheses)
 Gamification involves giving the mechanics or
principles of a game to another activity (Omondi, 2013).

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 Basic In-Text Citations Styles
Author Type Parenthetical Citation Example Narrative Citation Example

One Author
First citation (Wawire, 2021) Wawire (2020)
Subsequent citations (Wawire, 2021) Wawire (2020)
Two Authors
First citation (Wawire & Mutua, 2019) Wawire and Mutua (2019)
Subsequent citations (Wawire & Mutua, 2019) Wawire and Mutua (2019)
Three or more Authors
First citation (Mugambi et al., 2018) Mugambi et al. (2018)
Subsequent citations (Mugambi et al., 2018) Mugambi et al. (2018)
Group Author with Abbreviation

First citation* (Kenyatta University [KU], 2019) Kenyatta University (KU, 2019)

Subsequent citations (KU, 2019) KU (2019)

Group Author without Abbreviation
First citation (University of Eldoret, 2018) University of Eldoret (2019)
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Subsequent citations (University of Eldoret, 2018) University of Eldoret (2019)
3.Up to 20 authors in the reference list

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4. Citing web pages

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5. DOIs are formatted as URLs

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6. Citing ebooks

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7. Contributors other than authors
Media type Include as author

Film Director

TV series Executive producer(s)

Podcast episode Host of episode

Webinar Instructor

Online streaming video Person or group who uploaded

the video

Photograph Photographer

● The contributors appear in the author position.

● The role of the contributor is added in parentheses after their
name, for example: Jones, P. D. (Director).

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 Examples
• Host last name, Initials. (Host). (Year, Month Day).
Episode title (No. Episode number) [Audio podcast
episode]. In Podcast name. Production Company.
URL
intext (Vogt & Goldman, 2016, 11:30)
Reference .
Vogt, P. J., & Goldman, A. (Hosts). (2016, May 12).
On the inside (No. 64) [Audio podcast episode]. In
Reply all. Gimlet.
https://gimletmedia.com/shows/reply-all/brho4v/
64-on-the-inside Dr. Wawire 2021 12
 APA Reference List checklist
• List references on a new page with a centred heading titled:
References.
• Include all your references, regardless of format, e.g. books,
journal articles, online sources, in one alphabetical listing from A
- Z.
• Order entries alphabetically by surname of author(s).
• List works with no author under the first significant word of the
title.
• Indent second and subsequent lines of each entry (5-7 spaces).
• Use double spacing.
• Note that all references in APA end with a full stop except when
the reference ends with a URL or a DOI.
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Referencing Journal article -check list
• Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.
• Year of publication of the article (in round brackets).
• Article title. use sentence case. Only the first word of the title
and subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized.
• Journal title (in italics- title case).
• Volume of journal (in italics).
• Issue of journal (no italics).
• Page range of article.
• DOI (presented as a hyperlink, for example
https://doi.org/xxxxx).
• The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent
line is indented 5-7 spaces.
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 Referencing a Book
• Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.
• Year of publication of the book (in round brackets).
• Book title (in italics).
• Edition (in round brackets), if other than first edition.
• Publisher.
• DOI (where a book has a DOI this must be included, even if you
are referring to a print book).
• The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent
line is indented 5-7 spaces.

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 Reference Entry for a Book Chapter- pp
326-329 in the manual
• Author(s) of the chapter
• Year of publication
• Title of the chapter
• Book editor(s) information
• Book information (edition information, page
numbers)
• Publication information (publishing company)
• If it an eBook also include the DOI or URL (these
should be live hyperlinks)
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 Example
Zimitat, C. (2008). Student perspective of
plagiarism. In T. S. Roberts (Ed.), Student
plagiarism in an online world: Problems and
solutions (pp. 10-22). Information Science
Reference.

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 Rules for Writing Titles
• Book titles are italicized and written using
sentence case (Only the first word of a title,
subtitle, or proper noun are capitalized).
• Book chapter titles are written using sentence
case and are not italicized.
• Journal titles are italicized and written using title
case (All the Important Words are Capitalized).
• Article titles are written using Sentence case and
are not italicized.
• Webpages and websites are italicized and written
using Sentence case. Dr. Wawire 2021 20
 Examples:
• Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (book title, American Psychological
Association is a proper noun so it is capitalized)
• Student perspective of plagiarism (Book chapter title)
• Internet plagiarism in higher education: Tendencies,
trigging factors and reasons among teacher candidates
(article title, Tendencies is the first word of a sub-title so
it is capitalized)
• Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education (journal
title-italicised and title case)

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Inclusive and bias-free language

(Chapter 5)

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• Writing inclusively and without bias is the new
standard, and APA’s new publication manual
contains a separate chapter on this topic.
• The guidelines provided by APA help authors
reduce bias around topics such as gender, age,
disability, racial and ethnic identity, and sexual
orientation, as well as being sensitive to labels
and describing individuals at the appropriate
level of specificity. Some examples follow:

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1.Use singular “they” (Chapter 4)

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 More examples
• "I don't know who wrote this note, but he or
she has good handwriting," you might write
something like
• "I don't know who wrote this note, but they
have good handwriting."

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2. Be sensitive to labels

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3. Appropriate level of specificity

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 APA PAPER FORMAT

Professional and students(Chapter 2)

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Paper format guidelines for professional and student paper

• For both types, a sample paper is included. Some notable

changes include:
• Increased flexibility regarding fonts: options include Calibri 11,
Arial 11, Lucida Sans Unicode 10, Times New Roman 12, and
Georgia 11.
• The running head on the title page no longer includes the words
“Running head:”. It now contains only a page number and the
(shortened) paper title.
– Running head: THE EFFECT OF GOOGLE ON THE INTERNET
– THE EFFECT OF GOOGLE ON THE INTERNET
• The running head is omitted in student papers (unless your
instructor tells you otherwise).
• Heading levels 3-5 are updated to2021improve readability.
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Student paper specific guidelines

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 1.More fonts to choose from
●
In the 6th edition, only the use of Times New Roman
was recommended. In the 7th edition there is more
flexibility regarding fonts.
●
The most important thing is that the font should be easy
to read for everyone.

✓ Times New Roman (12 pt)

✓ Arial (11pt)
✓ Georgia (11pt)
✓ Calibri (11pt)
✓ Lucida Sans Unicode (10pt)

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2.No more running head

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APA-specified title page for students
• the title of the paper,
• the name of each author of the paper,
• the affiliation for each author –University/college
• the course number and Title
• the course instructor’s name and title “Dr.,” “Ms.,” “Mrs.,”
“Mr.,”
• the assignment’s due date (e.g., either April 8, 2021, or 8th
April 2021 may be appropriate),
• a page number (which also appears on the following pages.

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 3.Updated heading styles
Level Format

1 Centered, Bold, Title Case

2 Left-aligned, Bold, Title Case

3 Left-aligned, Bold, Italic, Title Case

4 Indented, Bold, Title Case, Period. Text

begin on the same line.

5 Indented, Bold, Italic, Title Case, Period.

Text begin on the same line.

● Heading levels 3, 4, and 5 are updated to improve readability.

● All headings are now bold and title case.

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 Mechanics of style (Chapter 6)

• In terms of style, not much has changed in the

7th edition. two notable changes:
• Use only one space after a period at the end
of a sentence.
• Use double quotation marks instead of italics
to refer to linguistic examples.
– APA endorses the use of the singular pronoun they
– APA endorses the use of the singular pronoun
“they”
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 Cont…
• Similarly, one might write about study
participants who have to choose between the
choices “agree,” “disagree,” and “other,”
rather than the choices agree, disagree, and
other.

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 Tables and Figures (Chapter 7)
• Figures include graphs, charts, maps, drawings and
photographs. Tables are numerical values or text
displayed in rows and columns.
• relevant changes are as follows:
1. Tables and figures are now formatted in parallel—in
other words, they use consistent rules for titles, notes,
and numbering.
2. Tables and figures may now be presented either in the
text of the document or after the reference list on
separate pages.
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Figure Checklist
(Taken from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., Section 7.35)
•Is the figure necessary?
•Does the figure belong in the print and electronic versions of the article, or is it supplemental?
•Is the figure simple, clean, and free of extraneous detail?
•Is the figure title descriptive of the content of the figure? Is it written in italic title case and left aligned?
•Are all elements of the figure clearly labeled?
•Are the magnitude, scale, and direction of grid elements clearly labeled?
•Are parallel figures or equally important figures prepared according to the same scale?
•Are the figures numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals? Is the figure number bold and left
aligned?
•Has the figure been formatted properly? Is the font sans serif in the image portion of the figure and
between sizes 8 and 14?
•Are all abbreviations and special symbols explained?
•If the figure has a legend, does it appear within or below the image? Are the legend’s words written in
title case?
•Are the figure notes in general, specific, and probability order? Are they double-spaced, left aligned,
and in the same font as the paper?
•Are all figures mentioned in the text?
•Has written permission for print and electronic reuse been obtained? Is proper credit given in the figure
caption?
•Have all substantive modifications to photographic images been disclosed?
•Are the figures being submitted in a file format acceptable to the publisher?
•Have the files been produced at a sufficiently high resolution to allow for accurate reproduction?

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Table Checklist
(Taken from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed., Section 7.20)
•Is the table necessary?
•Does it belong in the print and electronic versions of the article, or can it go in an online supplemental file?
•Are all comparable tables presented consistently?
•Are all tables numbered with Arabic numerals in the order they are mentioned in the text? Is the table
number bold and left-aligned?
•Are all tables referred to in the text?
•Is the title brief but explanatory? Is it presented in italicized title case and left-aligned?
•Does every column have a column heading? Are column headings centered?
•Are all abbreviations; special use of italics, parentheses, and dashes; and special symbols explained?
•Are the notes organized according to the convention of general, specific, probability?
•Are table borders correctly used (top and bottom of table, beneath column headings, above table
spanners)?
•Does the table use correct line spacing (double for the table number, title, and notes; single, one and a
half, or double for the body)?
•Are entries in the left column left-aligned beneath the centered stub heading? Are all other column
headings and cell entries centered?
•Are confidence intervals reported for all major point estimates?
•Are all probability level values correctly identified, and are asterisks attached to the appropriate table
entries? Is a probability level assigned the same number of asterisks in all the tables in the same document?
•If the table or its data are from another source, is the source properly cited? Is permission necessary to
reproduce the table?

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 Common Types of Plagiarism 8.2
• Direct Plagiarism: When you either copy a passage from another
source word for word without citing it, paraphrase a source
without citing it, or turn in an entire essay not written by you as
your own work.
• Self-Plagiarism: When you use an essay that you wrote for a
previous class to satisfy requirements for a different class.
• Mosaic/Patchwork Plagiarism: Often unintentional, mosaic or
patchwork plagiarism involves rearranging pieces of many
different sources into a work of your own without properly citing
the sources.
• Accidental Plagiarism: Occurs when you unintentionally neglect
to cite a source, attribute it improperly, or improperly paraphrase
or summarize it.
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 Citing a source multiple times in a paragraph
• For long paraphrase, putting an in-text citation after
every sentence that comes from that source would look
awful and break the flow…but leaving the intext
citations out risks plagiarism.
• It is NOT ACCEPTABLE to use several statements or
ideas from one source throughout a paragraph and use
one citation at the end of the paragraph to “cover” all
the information within.
• A citation only covers the sentence that it is part of.
One citation at the end of a paragraph DOES NOT cover
the entire paragraph.
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 Suggestion
• Introduce the source early in the paragraph, with the
author as part of the sentence rather than in brackets.
For example: Wawire (2021, p. 100) describes several
aspects of the data gathering process.
• For the rest of the paragraph, you can refer back to the
author by name or pronoun when elaborating on their
ideas. For example: He notes that the relevance and
number of questions can affect participation rates.
Wawire also found that…
• As long as it is clear to the reader that all of the ideas
come from that same source, there is no risk of plagiarism
and the paragraph flows well.
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 Paraphrasing
• Include surname and year in citation
• Page number is “encouraged” I am interpreting
this as “do it”- always supply a page number
e.g Kamau (2016) described a case example of a
4-year-old girl who showed an insecure
attachment to her mother; in working with the
family dyad, the therapist focused on increasing
the mother’s empathy for her child (pp. 152–
153).

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Original Source
Homeless individuals commonly come from families who are riddled with problems
and marital disharmony, and are alienated from their parents. They have often
been physically and even sexually abused, have relocated frequently, and many of
them may be asked to leave home or are actually thrown out, or alternatively are
placed in group homes or in foster care. They often have no one to care for them
and no one knows them intimately.
Source from: Rokach, A. (2005). The causes of loneliness in homeless youth. The
Journal of Psychology, 139, 469-480.
Incorrect Paraphrasing
The homeless come from families with problems. Frequently, they have been
physically or sexually abused, or have lived in group homes. Usually no one cares
for them or knows them intimately (Rokach, 2005).
Note: In this incorrect example the writing is too similar to the original
source. The student only changed or removed a few words and has not
phrased the ideas in a new way.
Correct Paraphrasing
Many homeless experience isolation in part due to suffering from abuse or neglect
during their childhood (Rokach, 2005).
Note: The example keeps the idea of the original writing but phrases it in a new
way.

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 Serial/oxford comma
Which of the 2 sentences is correct?
1.The stripes on the book are black, orange, and
yellow.
2.The stripes on the book are black, orange and
yellow.

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 Cont..
• Independent clause joined by a conjunction-
Examples: and, as, because, but, for, nor, or,
so, while, yet, etc.
• The writer believes in clarity, and he added a
chart of definitions.
• The writer believes in clarity, but he did not
add a chart of definitions.
• The writer believes in clarity, so he added a
chart of definitions.

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 Power point presentation
• The APA manual does not have a section on how to format a
PowerPoint presentation, but you can follow APA style
guidelines within your PowerPoint.
• Include the same information on your title slide that you would have on a title
page.
• Include in-text citations for any quote, paraphrase, image, graph, table, data,
audio or video file that you use within your presentation.
• The last slide (s) will be your References List.
• “No citation, permission, or copyright attribution is necessary for clip art from
programs like Microsoft Word or PowerPoint” (American Psychological
Association [APA], 2020, p. 346).
• Do not reproduce images without permission from the creator or owner of
the image. See section 12.15 of the APA manual for more information about
this.

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 GUIDELINES FOR PRESENTATIONS
• Here is some information to help you with preparing your presentation.

1 Dress professionally and appropriately.

2 Use PowerPoint as an audio-visual aid.
3 Don’t read your slides word for word.
4 Never read a presentation word for word.
5 Make eye contact with your audience. Include the whole room in your eye contact.
6 Be prepared.
7 Stick within the time limit.
8 Use your voice: pause, speed, inflection, vary your vocal tone. Speak clearly and not too fast.
9 Don’t go up at the end of sentences. (Like you are asking a question). HRT! (High Rising Terminal)
10 Use gestures: don’t be afraid to use your arms for emphasis.
11. Don’t lean on the podium.
12. Don’t mumble.
13 Don’t think out loud. Your audience can hear everything you say so make sure that everything you
say is relevant and meaningful.

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 END

God Bless
KEEP SAFE

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