National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur

Subject: Basic Electrical Engineering (EE-101)

DC MACHINES
Group 13
Prakhar Pratyush(192057) | Abhinav Kumar Paliwal(192058) | Aalok Kumar(192071)
 OVERVIEW
• Introduction
• DC Machines
• Construction of DC Machines
• Working of DC Machines
• Types of DC Machines
• Armature Reaction
• Commutation in DC Machines
• EMF equation for DC Machines
• Losses in DC Machines
• Applications of DC Machines
• Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
DC Machine fundamentals
• Generator Action: An emf is induced in a conductor if it moves through a magnetic
field.
• Motor Action: A force is induced in a conductor that has current going through it
and placed in magnetic field.
• Any DC Machine can either act as generator or motor.
• DC Machine is most often used as motor.
• The major advantages of DC Machine are easy speed and torque regulation.
• Even today the starter is a series DC motor.
• The electronically controlled ac drivers are gradually replacing the dc motor drives
in the factories.
• Nevertheless, A large number of DC motors are still used by industry and several
thousand are sold manually.
 DC MACHINE
• It is a rotating device which can be either a motor or a generator.
• Depending upon its construction and operation it is classified as a motor or a generator.
• A motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
• A generator is an electrical device that is used to convert energy from mechanical to electrical.
• It may have variable speed, large and small power range.
• Field winding carrying DC current in stator produces flux distributed symmetrically about
pole axis.
• Armature winding in rotor – Alternating voltage is induced.
• Mechanical commutator and brush assembly rectify the voltage to become DC.
• Commutator-brush combination makes armature current distribution fixed in space.
 CONSTRUCTION OF A DC MACHINE
• Stator: Stationary part of a DC Machine. A stator carries a field winding that is used to produce the required
magnetic field by DC excitation. Often known as field.
• Rotor: It is the rotating part of the machine. The rotor carries a distributed winding, and it is the winding
where emf is induced. It is also known as armature.
• Yoke: Another name of a yoke is the frame.
• Commutator: The main function of the commutator in the DC machine is to collect the current from the
armature conductor as well as supplies the current to the load using brushes.
• Brushes: Brushes in the DC machine gather the current from commutator and supplies it to exterior load.
 WORKING OF DC MACHINES
DC machine works on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction principle, which states that when a conductor
cuts the magnetic lines of forces then an electromagnetic force will be induced within the conductors.
• In a DC generator, when the coil placed in the magnetic field is rotated by means of a prime mover or any
handle. The coils cut the magnetic lines of forces to induce an EMF. This induced Emf develops current in the
armature winding. The direction of this current in DC generators can be observed through the rule of Fleming’s
Right-hand. The DC generator working image is illustrated below.
• The current in the coil changes every half-cycle as the coil
rotates which is found by Fleming’s Right-hand Rule.
• Due to this, an alternating current is developed which is
detected by a galvanometer.
• So, in order to obtain a unidirectional current, commutator
segments are attached to the brushes. These segments generate
unidirectional current as the coil rotates.
• The segments run smoothly between the brushes and do not
allow the current to alter.
• Thus, this is how a DC generator is able to convert the input
mechanical energy into a DC output electrical energy.
 TYPES OF DC MACHINES
1. Separately excited DC machine: In Separately Excited DC Machine, a separate DC source is utilized
for activating the field coils.
2. Shunt wound/shunt machine: In Shunt wound DC Machines, the field coils are allied in parallel
through the armature. As the shunt field gets the complete o/p voltage of a generator otherwise a motor
supply voltage, it is normally made of a huge number of twists of fine wire with a small field current
carrying.
3. Series wound/series machine: In series wound D.C. Machines, the field coils are allied in series
through the armature. As series field winding gets the armature current, as well as the armature current
is huge, due to this the series field winding includes few twists of wire of big cross-sectional region .
4. Compound wound / compound machine: A compound machine includes both the series as well as
shunt fields. The two windings are carried-out with every machine pole. The series winding of the
machine includes few twists of a huge cross-sectional region, as well as the shunt windings,
include several fine wire twists.
 ARMATURE REACTION
• The opposition of the main magnetic flux by the developed armature flux is known as Armature Reaction.
• The induced EMF is developed when the coil is rotated in the magnetic lines of forces.
• This induced EMF allows current to flow in the armature winding as the winding is a closed circuit.
• This armature current with further interaction with the magnetic lines of forces develops armature flux.
• This armature flux is used for the generation of the armature reaction.
• Due to this, a unidirectional torque is developed that is used for the rotation of the rotor.
• The Armature Reaction of this type of machine is shown in the following image.

Both Armature Field Winding

 COMMUTATION IN DC MACHINES
• The Commutation is the process of changing the form of alternating voltage or current to the single directional
voltage or current and vice-versa.
• It consists of some segments which play a crucial role in this conversion process. The commutator segments are
mainly used in the DC machines. It is made of Mica that acts as an insulation material between the two
segments. It has high dielectric strength and breakdown strength of nearly 30 to 40V.
• These are used after the armature to collect the current from the armature winding. Either of the segments is
connected to the brushes which are used to collect the current from these segments. The commutator segments
with brushes are illustrated in the below figure.
 EMF EQUATION OF DC MACHINE
• Let P = no of poles, Z = no of conductors distributed in the armature, Ф = flux produced by each pole in weber,
N = speed of the rotor in r.p.m, A = no. of parallel paths
• The induced emf within the armature conductors is according to the faradays law of electromagnetic induction.
Where e = rate of change of flux ,
e = dФ/dt
• Total flux produced (ФT) or (dФ) = flux produced by individual pole * no of poles
(ФT) = Ф * P

The time required for a conductor to complete one revolution (dT) = 60/N
• Substituting these values in emf induced, we get
e = Ф * P / 60/N
e = Ф * P *N/ 60 for one conductor
e = Ф * P *N *Z / 60*A for ‘Z’ conductors for ‘A’ parallel paths
• Therefore, the EMF equation is given as
e = Ф * P *N *Z / 60*A The EMF equation is given by
E = ФZNP/60A
 LOSSES IN DC MACHINE

The main function of a DC machine is to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy.

Throughout this conversion method, the whole input power cannot be changed into output power because of the power
loss in different forms.
The type of loss may change from one apparatus to another.
These losses will decrease the apparatus efficiency as well as the temperature will be increased.
The DC machine energy losses can be classified into:
• Electrical Copper losses,
• Core losses,
• Iron losses,
• Mechanical losses,
• Brush losses,
• Brush load losses.
 APPLICATIONS OF DC MACHINE
• Applications of DC Motors
• The series motors are used in Traction system, Cranes, air compressors, Vaccum Cleaner, Sewing machine,
etc.
• The various applications of DC shunt motor are in Lathe Machines, Centrifugal Pumps, Fans, Blowers,
Conveyors, Lifts, Weaving Machine, Spinning machines, etc.
• The examples of usage of compound motors are in Presses, Shears, Conveyors, Elevators, Rolling Mills,
Heavy Planners, etc.
• Applications of DC Generators
• Separately excited DC Generators are used in laboratories for testing as they have a wide range of voltage
output.
• DC shunt wound generators are used for lighting purposes.
• DC series wound generators are used in DC locomotives for regenerative braking for providing field
excitation current.
 CONCLUSION
• Finally, we can conclude that DC machines are dc generator & dc motor.
• Although Brushless DC Motors are more expensive of the same kW rating than conventional DC Motor but there are many advantages.
• Brushless DC Motors can run when submerged influids.
• Brushless DC Motor does not produce brush or commutator particles or gases as by-products of operation.
• The DC generator is mainly useful for supplying DC source toward the DC machine in power station.
• Whereas DC motor drives some devices like:
• Lathes
• Fans
• Centrifugal pumps
• printing presses
• Electric locomotives
• Hoists cranes
• Rolling mills
• Auto rickshaw
• Ice machines
THANK YOU