ELECTRICAL

SYSTEMS AND
CONTROL
CELLS IN SERIES
When cells are arranged in series ,the output is added.
If two 1.5V cells are placed in series, it would produce
a total of 3V. The cells will run out quicker as energy is
drawn from both cells at the same time.
SYMBOL FOR CELLS IN
SERIES
LAMBS IN SERIES
 When the two lambs are connected in series both lambs will have the same
brightness. If one lamp is damaged ,the other lamp will go out . This is
because the circuit becomes disrupted, or current is flowing in one path on
SYMBOL FOR TWO LAMBS
AND THREE CELLS IN
SERIES
HOMEWORK
 Draw an electrical circuit :
 2 cells in series
 One switch
 2 lamps in series
 All components should be drawn in symbols
CELLS IN PARALLEL
 When cells are arranged in parallel the output is the same.
 If two 1,5V cells are placed in parallel it would produce a 1,5V output.
 The cells will last longer as energy is drawn from one cellat a time and not
both.
 SYMBOL FOR TWO CELLS IN PARALLLEL
LAMPS IN
PARALLEL
LAMPS IN PARALLEL
 When two lamps are connected in parallel both lamps will have the same
brightness. If one lamp is damaged the other lamp will not go out and will
carry on working because there is no disruption to the circuit.
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
SYMBOLS
COMPONENT USE SYMBOL

CELL

SWITCH(CLOSED OR OPEN)

LAMP

CONDUCTOR
SIMPLE CIRCUITS
 Circuit A
 Circuit A has the following electrical components;
 1 open switch
 1 cell
 2 lamps
 Circuit B
 Circuit B has the following electrical components;
 1 open switch
 2 cells
 2 lamps
QUESTIONS
 Draw circuit A and B in your soft cover books and answer the question that
that follow;
 a) Explain the brightness of lamps in circuit B compared to circuit A.
 What is the energy in circuit A? and circuit B?
SWITCHES IN SERIES
SWITCHES IN SERIES
 Draw the diagrams above in your soft cover book.
 Explain what is happening in each circuit diagram
SWITCHES IN PARALLEL
BULBS AND LAMPS IN
PARALLEL
BULBS AND SWITCHES IN
PARALLEL
 Draw the electrical circuit shown above and explain what is happening in
the circuit.
CURRENT IN A CIRCUIT
 An electrical circuit consists of an electric energy source and electric
components that are connected to one another by wires to allow electric
current to flow through the circuit.
 Current flows from negative to positive .
 The direction of flow of charge from positive to negative is called
convectional current.
SWITCHES
  Switches are control devices that are used to open or close an electrical
circuit.
  Types of switches
  Manual switches
 1. Push switches
 2. Single Pole Single Throw (SPST)
 3. Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT)
 4. Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT
EXAMPLES
 SWITCHES
  Push switches
  Push switches closes a circuit when it is pushed down.
  An example is a doorbell. When it is not pushed, the circuit stays open.
  Single Pole Single Throw (SPST)
  An SPST switch opens or closes a circuit for as long as the switch is in position;
it can only be on or off.
  Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT)
  An SPDT switch diverts current down one of two possible paths.
  Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT)
  A DPDT switch has two inputs, which means that two conducting wires are
bringing current into the switch. The DPDT are used to change the direction of
the current flow in a circuit
AND OR LOGIC GATES
 Switches connected in series gives us AND function.
 Switches in parallel gives us OR function
 In a truth table ‘O’ means off or open and ‘1’ means on or closed.
 Complete the following truth table in your soft cover book for the diagram
below for AND logic gate in your soft cover book.
Input A Input B output

0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
OR LOGIC GATE
 Draw an electrical circuit with two switches in parallel and draw a truth
table for it, do the work in your soft cover books,
OHM’S LAW

 Ohm’s law states that the voltage

across the conductor is directly
proportional to the current
flowing through it.
 THE EQUATION FOR OHM’S LAW
OHM’S LAW
 The equation for ohm’s law is: I=V/R

 I is the current in amps (A)

 V is the voltage across the circuit in volts (V)

 R is the resistance of the circuit in ohm’s

HOMEWORK
Circuit Voltage Resistance current

1 10 2
2 12 12
3 6 50
4 1,5 100
REVISION EXERCISE
 1. Define the following: (8)
 Current
 Voltage
 AND logic gate
 OR logic gate
 2. Draw the following electrical circuits your components should be in
symbols(6)
 a) 2 cells
 Two switches in parallel
 Two lamps in parallel
REVISION
 3. Given that in an electrical circuit the voltage is 20v and resistance is 4
ohms, calculate the current. Show your working.
 4. In another electrical circuit the voltage is 48v and current is 8A,calculate
the resistance and show all your working.
 5. In the last circuit resistance is 3 ohms and current is 10A what is the
voltage?.
 Calculate and show all your working again.
 (9)
 Total 23
DIODES
 A diode is a component that allows current to flow in one direction only.
 It controls the flow of current in electrical circuits.
 Diodes fall under control devices.
 Uses of diodes
-as rectifiers-allowing current to flow in one direction only.
 -as lights-some diodes emit light (light emitting diodes) LEDs
 -All diodes are polar meaning they have negative and positive terminals
and must be inserted in the correct way in an electrical circuit.
LEDS
 Light emitting diodes are used to indicate that a circuit is on or standby.
 Some LEDS are used in torches and other small spotlights.
 LEDs have two legs ,the shorter leg is the negative leg.
 The positive leg is longer.
LED IN AN ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
MORE ABOUT LEDS
 The LEDs are tiny light bulbs that
are lit by the movement of
electrons .
 They do not have filaments like
normal bulbs.
 The last longer than bulbs.
 They are found in electronic
equipment such as remote
controls,cars,microwaves and
televisions.
TRANSISTORS
 A transistor is an electrical component that controls the flow of electrical
current in a circuit.
 It can act as a switch to allow or to stop the flow of current in a circuit.
 Transistors are also used as amplifiers ;they can amplify a small current
inton a larger current.
 Transistors have three legs: -base b
 -collector c
 -emitter e
 The three legs have to be connected in a special way.
SYMBOL FOR TRANSISTOR
TRANSISTORS
 The three legs have to be connected ion a special way
 Base –receives signal from the input of a circuit
 Collector-connected to the part of the circuit that must be switched on.
 Emitter –connected to the negative side of the circuit
SENSORS
 Sensors are important electrical input devices that detects changes in an
environment and then provides a corresponding output.
 They can detect changes in heat,sound,motion and light.
 These sensors are: -DRR
 -Thermistor
 -Touch and moisture detector
 -Capacitator
LDR
 The light dependent resistor is an electrical component that senses
changes in light intensity.
 It senses the amount of light falling on its surface.
 When it is dark the LDR has a high resistance,
 When it is bright the LDR has a low resistance.
 The concept works with day and night sensor fittings.
 When it is day, the lights are switches off and when it is night the lights
switches on.
 An LDR is nonpolar so it can be inserted any way around in an electrical
circuit.
LDR SYMBOL
LDR IN AN
ELECTRIC
CIRCUIT
HOMEWORK
 Use the given components to draw the following circuits
 Circuits 1

1) 4 cells
2) An LED
3) 1 switch
Circuit 2
4) 3 cells
5) 1 switch
6) 1 LDR
REVISION EXERCISE
 1 What is the source of energy used in electrical circuits?
 2 What device allows or stops the flow of current?
 3 What is a glass globe used to produce electric light?
 4 What wire carries electric energy around a circuit?
 5 What the flow of electrical charge called?
 6 What law states that current is directly proportional to voltage?
 7 In what unit is resistance measured?
 8 In what unit is current measured?
 9 In what unit is voltage measured?
 10 What instrument measures the electrical current in a circuit?
THERMISTOR
 Thermistor is an electronic device that can sense temperature around its
environment it is a sensor and an input device.
 A thermistor is a type of resistor that senses changes in temperature.
 The resistance of a thermistor varies with temperature.
SYMBOL FOR THERMISTOR
ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT
INCLUDING THERMISTOR
CAPACITOR
A capacitor is an electrical device which
can store and the release energy.
It is like a cell or a battery.
It can store electrical charge but the
difference a cell can store electrical
charge for a long time while capacitor
stores and quickly releases the charge.
CAPACITOR IN AN
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
SYMBOL FOR A CAPACITOR
RESISTORS
 A resistor is an electrical component that opposes the flow of current.
 Colored strips on the resistor indicate the amount of resistance.
 RESISTANCE is the ability of a substance to reduce the flow of electric
current.
 When a resistor is added in an electrical circuit, it reduces the flow of
current through the circuit.
 Resistors can protect other electrical components from heavy current
surges.
 Resistance is measured in ohms.
RESISTOR VALUES
 A resistor has three or four colored stripes or bands.
 The stripes or bands indicate how much resistance is given by a particular
resistor.
 The bigger the value of a resistor the more it opposes the flow of current.
 Band 1 is the first digit of a resistor value 10
 Band 2 is the second digit of a resistor value units
 Band 3 this is a multiplier (how much must the resistor value be multiplied
by)
 Band 4 this is the tolerance (refers to the accuracy to which the resistor is
made)
RESISTOR COLR
CODE
RESISTANCE CALCULATION
 Band 1 grey Tolerance +/- 1%
 Band 2 orange Resistance value 83 *10
 Band 3 brown = 830 ohms
 Band 4 black
 Answer
 1 8 grey =80
 2 3 orange
 Multiplier 10 brown