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IPv6
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Need of IPv6

• Shortage of IPv4 addresses

• New Networking Devices coming in the market

• Poorly allocation of IPv4 Addresses

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Format of IPv6
• This is 128 bits long.

• It is 16-bytes Address

• It is 32-digit Hexadecimal Address (Total 8 groups, each group

having 4 Hexa-digits)
• Defined by RFC 2373 and RFC 2374.
• Provides 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 IP
addresses. (85% will be untouched)
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Format of IPv6
• As you will recall, IPv4 is represented by dotted-decimal notation.
Because hexadecimal digits are used, IPv6 is also written differently.
First, IPv6 addresses consist of two parts:
o A 64-bit network prefix

o A 64-bit local identifier

• Here is a sample IPv6 address:

2001:0000:0000:0000:0000:0012:0000:00a1
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Simplified IPv6 Header:
• IPv4 Header : Add Image
• IPv6 Header : Check & Add Image
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Rules to Manage IPv6
• Rule 1:

• Eliminate group of consecutive zeros by replacing double colon

(::), double colon can only be used once in a IPv6 Address.
• 2001::0012:0000:00a1 OR

• 2001:0000:0000:0000:0000:0012::00a1

• Rule 2:

• Eliminate leading zero

• 2001::12:0:a1
Internet Protocol
Types of IPv6
Version 6 (IPv6)
• Unicast: A global unicast address is an address that is globally
unique and can be routed globally. (One-to-One)
• Multicast: An address that identifies a set of devices. Features
one-to-many mapping. Replicating IPv4 broadcast address. (One-to-
Many)
• Anycast: An address that represents a service instead of a device.
Features one-to-nearest mapping. (One-to-Closest)
Internet Protocol
Neighbor Discovery Version 6 (IPv6)
Protocol:
• The IPv6 NDP has many functions. One function allows IPv6 hosts to multicast a
message that asks all routers on the link to announce two key pieces of
information. The IPv6 addresses of routers willing to act as a default gateway and
all known IPv6 prefixes on the link. This process uses ICMPv6 messages called
Router Solicitation(RS) and Router Advertisement(RA).
• Details of the RS/RA Process:

Message RS RA
Multicast Destination FF02::2 FF02::1
Meaning of Multicast All Routers on this link All IPv6 nodes on
this Address link
 Types of IPv6
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Link-Local Address:
• Link-local addresses have the shortest reach of the IP address types. They
can go only as far as the Layer 2 domain.
• These addresses are auto generated with or without the use of a DHCP
server. So, when an IPv6 node goes online, this address is assigned
automatically.
• Link-local addresses always start with FE80. This means that the first 16 bits
of this IPv6 address always begin with 1111 1110 0100 0000, followed by all
0 bits to equal the 64-bit network prefix.
• The 64-bit local identifier of a link-local address is interesting, to say the
least.
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Link-Local Address:

• The last 64 bits are generated using the MAC address of an interface.
Remember, though, that MAC addresses consist of only 48 bits, so there is a
discrepancy of 16 bits. The solution to this issue is to add FFFE to the 24th
bit of the MAC address. Basically, FFFE is squeezed right into the middle of
the MAC address.
• Here is an example of how the last 64 bits of the IPv6 link-local address are
determined:

MAC address: 0017.C101.DCF6

IPv6 local identifier: 0017:C1FF:FE01:DCF6
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Unique/Site-Local Address:

• Two RFCs describe a unique or site-local address type. RFC 3513 originally
outlined the site-local address, which was later rewritten in RFC 4193 and
given the new name unique address. People are asked to use the term
unique address going forward. Be sure you know this type of address by
either name for the exam.

• Unique/site-local addresses have a broader scope than link-local addresses.

They can expand to the size of an organization and are used to describe the
boundary of the organizational network. These are the private addresses for
IPv6.
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Unique/Site-Local Address:

• The first 7 bits of the address are FC00 (also written as FC00::/7). Based on
the diagram, the fixed prefix written in bits is 1111 110(L). The letter L can
represent the number 1 for locally assigned addresses, or the number 0 for
future-use addresses. If you are assigning an address, you would use the
number 1 for the eighth bit of the network prefix. As a result, site addresses
actually begin with FD00 (also written as FD00::/8), which in binary form is
1111 1101.
Internet Protocol
Global Address:
Version 6 (IPv6)
• Global addresses have the broadest scope of all. As the name indicates,
these addresses are for global use that is, Internet communications.

• The global routing prefix consists of 48 bits or less, and the first 3 bits are
set to 001 (also written as 2xxx::/3). Because the number is variable, it is
represented by the letter N.

• The subnet ID is made up of whatever bits remain after the global routing
prefix. The subnet ID has 64 – N bits.

• As usual, the interface ID or local identifier makes up the last 64 bits of

the address. If you were to go to IANA for a trial block of IPv6 address
space, you would get an IP subnet from the 2001::/16 range.
Internet Protocol
Multicast Address:
Version 6 (IPv6)
• Multicast addresses for IPv6 will be extremely important because of their
use in group communications and broadcast messaging.

• The first8 bits are always 1111 1111 or FF. The next 4 bits or flag bits
each have their own meaning, which can be determined using the
abbreviation 0RPT:
• 0 indicates an unassigned bit.
• R indicates whether the bit is a rendezvous point.
• P indicates whether the bit is based on a unicast address.
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Multicast Address:
• T can be either a 0 for a permanently assigned address or 1 if not.
• The scope field indicates how far the multicast address will travel. This bit
is defined by one of the following seven hexadecimal digits:
1 = Interface 2 = Link
3 = Subnet 4 = Admin
5 = Site 8 = Organization
E = Global
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Multicast Address:

Purpose IPv6 Address IPv4 Equivalent

Subnet Broadcast
All IPv6 nodes on the link FF02::1
Address
All IPv6 routers on the link FF02::2 NA

FF02::5 224.0.0.5
OSPFv3
FF02::6 224.0.0.6

RIPv2 FF02::9 224.0.0.9

EIGRPv6 FF02::A 224.0.0.10

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Special Addresses:
• 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 -> :: Default Route
• 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 -> ::1 Loopback
• 2003::/3 The Global Address Range
• FC00::/7 The Unique Local Unicast Range
• FE80::/10 The Link Local Unicast Range
• FF00::/8 The Multicast Range
• 3FFF:FFFF::/32 Reserved for examples and documentations
• 2002::/16 Used with 6 – 4 which is the transition system.
The structure that allows IPv6 packets to be
transmitted over an IPv4 network without
the need of to configure explicit tunnels.
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
IPv6 Transition Strategies:
• Dual Stack Routers
• Tunneling (6-4 & 4-6)
• NAT-PT (NAT Protocol Translation)
IPv LAB # 1
IPv6 Configuration
6
IPv LAB # 1
IPv6 Configuration
6Basic Configuration:
R1(config)# int fas 0/0
R1(config-if)# ipv6 add 2001:1111::1/64
R1(config-if)# no shut
R1(config-if)# exit
R1(config)# int ser 0/0
R1(config-if)# ipv6 add 2001:2222::1/64
R1(config-if)# no shut
R2(config)# int fas 0/0
R2(config-if)# ipv6 add 2001:1111::2/64
R2(config-if)# no shut
R2(config-if)# exit
IPv LAB # 1
IPv6 Configuration
6Basic Configuration:
R3(config)# int ser 0/0
R3(config-if)# ipv6 add 2001:2222::2/64
R3(config-if)# no shut
R3(config)# int fas 0/0
R3(config-if)# ipv6 add 2001:3333::1/64
R3(config-if)# no shut
R3(config-if)# exit
R4(config)# int fas 0/0
R4(config-if)# ipv6 add 2001:3333::2/64
R4(config-if)# no shut
R4(config-if)# exit
IPv LAB # 1
IPv6 Configuration
6Static Routing:
R1(config)# ipv6 route 2001:3333::/64 2001:2222::2

R3(config)# ipv6 route 2001:1111::/64 2001:2222::1

From All Router
# show ipv6
R2(config)# ipv6 route ::/0 2001:1111::1
route
# show ipv6 int
R4(config)# ipv6 route 2001:1111::/64 2001:3333::1 brief
R4(config)# ipv6 route 2001:2222::/64 2001:3333::1

Note: Enable ipv6 routing on router

Router(config)# ipv6 unicast-routing
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
RIPNG:
• Routing Information Protocol Next Generation.

• Run on UDP port no. 521

• Its Distance Vector Routing Protocol

• Maximum Hop Count is 15

• Administrative Distance is 120

• Split Horizon is turned ON

• Multicast IP FF02::9
IPv LAB # 1
IPv6 Configuration
6RIP NG:
R1(config)#int fas 0/0

R1(config-if)#ipv6 rip ABC enable (Enables RIP process on this particular interface & starts
advertisement of n/w)

R1(config)#int ser 0/0

R1(config-if)#ipv6 rip ABC enable

R2(config)#int fas 0/0

R2(config-if)#ipv6 rip ABC enable

IPv LAB # 1
IPv6 Configuration
6RIP NG:

R3(config)#int fas 0/0

R3(config-if)#ipv6 rip ABC enable

R3(config)#int ser 0/0

R3(config-if)#ipv6 rip ABC enable

On All Router
R4(config)#int fas 0/0
Router(config)# ipv6 unicast-
R4(config-if)#ipv6 rip ABC enable
routing
# show ipv6 route
# show ipv6 int brief

Note: 1. RIPNG uses link local addressing for it’s communication.

2. RIP tag may be different on all routers.
IPv LAB # 1
IPv6 Configuration
6OSPFv3:
R1(config)#ipv6 router ospf 1

R1(config-router)# router-id 1.1.1.1

R1(config)#int fas 0/0

R1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 1 area 10

On All Router
R1(config)#int ser 0/0
Router(config)# ipv6 unicast-
R1(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 1 area 0 routing
R2(config)#ipv6 router ospf 2 # show ipv6 route
# show ipv6 int brief
R2(config-router)# router-id 2.2.2.2

R2(config)#int fas 0/0

R2(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 2 area 10

IPv LAB # 1
IPv6 Configuration
6OSPFv3:
R3(config)#ipv6 router ospf 3

R3(config-router)# router-id 3.3.3.3

R3(config)#int fas 0/0

R3(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 3 area 20

On All Router
R3(config)#int ser 0/0
Router(config)# ipv6 unicast-
R3(config-if)# ipv6 ospf 3 area 0 routing
R4(config)#ipv6 router ospf 4 # show ipv6 route
# show ipv6 int brief
R4(config-router)# router-id 4.4.4.4

R4(config)#int fas 0/0

R4(config-if)#ipv6 ospf 4 area 20

IPv LAB # 1
IPv6 Configuration
6EIGRPv6:
R1(config)#ipv6 router eigrp 10

R1(config-router)# no shutdown

R1(config)#int fas 0/0

R1(config-if)#ipv6 eigrp 10
On All Router
R1(config)#int ser 0/0
Router(config)# ipv6 unicast-
R1(config-if)# ipv6 eigrp 10 routing
R2(config)#ipv6 router eigrp 10 # show ipv6 route
# show ipv6 int brief
R2(config-router)# no shutdown

R2(config)#int fas 0/0

R2(config-if)#ipv6 eigrp 10
IPv LAB # 1
IPv6 Configuration
6EIGRPv6 :
R3(config)#ipv6 router eigrp 10

R3(config-router)# no shutdown

R3(config)#int fas 0/0

R3(config-if)#ipv6 eigrp 10
On All Router
R3(config)#int ser 0/0
Router(config)# ipv6 unicast-
R3(config-if)# ipv6 eigrp 10 routing
R4(config)#ipv6 router eigrp 10 # show ipv6 route
# show ipv6 int brief
R4(config-router)# no shutdown

R4(config)#int fas 0/0

R4(config-if)#ipv6 eigrp 10