SECONDARY

STORAGE
MANAGEMENT
BY:- Rajdeep Das
 INTRODUCTION TO
SECONDARY STORAGE:
Secondary storage refers to non-volatile, persistent storage
devices that retain data even when the power is turned off.
Examples include hard drives (HDDs), solid-state drives
(SSDs), optical disks, and USB drives.
 FILE SYSTEMS:
A file system is a method used by computer operating
systems to organize and store data on storage devices,
such as hard drives, solid-state drives, and external storage
media. It provides a structured way to manage files,
directories, and the overall storage hierarchy.
STORAGE
Contiguous Allocation: Indexed Allocation:
• In contiguous allocation, • Indexed allocation uses an

ALLOCATION: each file occupies a

contiguous block of storage
index block that contains
pointers to the actual data
space. blocks of a file.
• This method is • The index provides quick and
straightforward and simple to direct access to any block in
implement. the file.
• However, it can lead to • While it eliminates
fragmentation, where free fragmentation issues, it
space is scattered requires additional space for
throughout the storage the index structure.
medium,
Linked making it
Allocation:
•challenging to allocate
Linked allocation large
represents
contiguous blocks
files as linked listsfor
ofnew
blocks.
•files.
Each block contains a pointer
to the next block in the file.
• This method is efficient for
sequential access but may
result in fragmentation and
can be slower for random
access.
 DISK MANAGEMENT:
Formatting: Scheduling Algorithms:
Definition: Prepares a storage device for use Definition: Algorithms that determine the order in
by creating a file system and dividing it into which read and write requests are serviced.
partitions.
Types: Quick format (just initializes the file Examples: FCFS (First-Come-First-Served), SSTF
system), full format (checks for bad sectors (Shortest Seek Time First), SCAN, C-SCAN.
and initializes the file system).
 FILE OPERATIONS:
File operations refer to the fundamental actions performed on files within a
computer system. (Create, Open, Read, Write, Close, Delete). These file operations
are essential for managing information in a computer system. Operating systems
provide system calls and application programming interfaces (APIs) to perform
these operations, allowing applications and users to interact with files efficiently
and securely. Access control mechanisms are often implemented to regulate who
can perform these operations on a file, ensuring data security and integrity.
RAID RAID 0 (Striping):
• Definition: Data is divided
RAID 1 (Mirroring):
• Definition: Data is duplicated
RAID, which stands for Redundant Array into blocks, and each block is across two or more drives.
of Independent Disks, combines multiple written to a different disk • Purpose: Provides
physical disk drives into a single logical drive. redundancy as the same
unit for data protection, performance • Purpose: Improves data is stored on multiple
improvement, or both. In storage performance by parallelizing drives. If one drive fails, the
systems, RAID configurations are
read and write operations. system can still function
commonly used to enhance reliability,
availability, and performance. However, it offers no using the duplicate data.
redundancy, meaning the
failure of one drive results in
data
RAID loss.
5 (Striping with Parity): RAID 6 (Double Parity):
• Definition: Data is striped • Definition: Similar to RAID 5,
across multiple drives, and but with an additional layer
parity information is of parity for added fault
distributed across all drives. tolerance.
• Purpose: Balances • Purpose: Can tolerate the
performance and failure of two drives
redundancy. If one drive fails, simultaneously, providing a
the parity information can be higher level of data
used to reconstruct the lost protection compared to RAID
data. 5.
THANK YOU