Personality Disorder

 Personality disorders
› Heterogeneous group of disorders
› Longstanding, pervasive, and inflexible
patterns of behavior and inner experience
› Deviate from the expectations of a
person’s culture
› Impair social and occupational functioning
 3 clusters based on descriptive similarities
 Cluster A – Odd or eccentric, avoidance of
social contact
› Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
 Cluster B – Dramatic, emotional, or erratic
› Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
 Cluster C – Anxious or fearful
› Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
 Cluster A: Paranoid Disorder
 Paranoid Personality Disorder is a type of
Eccentric Personality Disorder.
 An Eccentric Personality Disorder means
that the person's behavior may seem odd or
unusual to others.
 An individual with paranoid personality
behavior is very suspicious of other people.
They mistrust the motives of others and
believe that others want to harm them. A
person with PPD can be quick to feel a
behavior and feel hostile towards others.
 Causes of Paranoid
Personality Disorder

 The cause of Paranoid Personality Disorder is

unknown.
 However, researchers believe that a combination of
biological and environmental factors can lead to
Paranoid Personality Disorder.
 The disorder is present more often in families with
a history of schizophrenia and delusional disorder.
Early childhood trauma may be a contributing
factor.
 Symptoms of Paranoid
Disorder
 Someone with PPD may have other conditions that can feed
into their PPD. For example, depression and anxiety can
affect a person's mood. Mood changes can make someone
with PPD more likely to feel paranoid and isolate it.

 Believing that others have hidden motives or are out of harm

them,
 Doubting the loyalty of others,
 Being hypersensitive to criticism,
 Having trouble working with others,
 Being quick to become angry and hostile, Becoming
detached or socially isolated,
 Being argumentative and defensive,
 Having trouble seeing their own problems.
 Treatment of Paranoid
Disorder
 Treatment for PPD can be very successful.
Most individuals with these conditions have
trouble accepting treatment.
 If an individual is willing to accept treatment,
talk therapy or psychotherapy are helpful.
 It will help the individual learn how to cope
with the disorder,
 learn how to communicate with others in
social situations,
 help reduce feelings of paranoia.
 Medications can also be helpful.
 Cluster A(Odd): Schizoid
Personality Disorder
 Schizoid Personality Disorder is a type of
eccentric personality disorder.
 A person with this disorder behaves
differently from most of other people.
 This may include avoiding social interaction
or seeming to be lacking personality.
 However, people with this disorder are able
to function fairly well in society.
 Symptoms of Schizoid
Personality Disorder

 1. Being detached
 2. Preferring to be alone
 3. Avoiding social situations
 4. Not desiring relationships
 5. Seeming dull or indifferent
 6. Inability to enjoy activities
 7. Trouble relating to others
 Causes of schizoid
personality disorder
 Biological factor, environmental factor,
which seems to have the most impact
during childhood. Experiencing abuse
or neglect as a child
 Having an emotionally detached
parent
 This disorder occurs more commonly in
men than women
 Treatment

 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy It is designed

to change behavior. It can be a successful
treatment for this condition because it
teaches you how to change your thoughts
about and behaviors in social situations.
 Group Therapy is another option that will
help you practice your social skills. This will
help you become more comfortable in social
situations.
 Medication.
 Cluster A
3. Schizotypal Personality Disorder
 Schizotypal Personality Disorder are often described
as order-eccentric and usually have few, if any,
close relationships.
 They generally don't understand how relationships
form or the impact of their behavior on others.
 They may also misinterpret others' motivation and
behavior and develop significant distrust of others.
 These problems may lead to severe anxiety and a
tendency to avoid social situations.
 Symptoms
 Symptoms of schizotypal personality
disorder Strange thinking or behavior
 Unusual beliefs Discomfort in social
situations
 A lack of emotions or inappropriate
emotional responses
 Odd speech that may be waggy or
rambling
 A lack of close friends Extreme social
anxiety
 Treatment
 Treatment of Schizoid Personality
Disorder includes
 medication and psychotherapy, like
talk therapy, cognitive behavior
therapy, and family therapy.
 Cluster B (dramatic):
Antisocial Personality Disorder

 Antisocial Personality Disorder is a condition

characterized by a lack of empathy and regard
for other people.
 They provoke and often act intensively or in an
unsealing manner. Individuals with this disorder
may lie, engage in aggressive or violent
behavior, and participate in criminal activities.
 People with ASPD display long-term patterns of
disregarding the law, violating the rights of
others, manipulating and exploiting others.
 Symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder

 1. Being angry often

 2. Being arrogant
 3. Acting humorous and charming to get what
they want
 4. Lying frequently
 5. Stealing
 6. Acting aggressively and fighting often
 7. Breaking the laws
 8. Not caring about personal safety or the
safety of others
 9. Not showing guilt or remorse for actions
 Causes And Treatment
 Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder are
Abused as a child
 Grew up with parents who had Antisocial
Personality Disorder
 Grew up with alcoholic parents

Treatment
 Psychotherapy (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy,
Group Therapy, and Family Therapy )
 Other than that, medications are applicable.
 Borderline Personality Disorder

 Borderline personality disorder is a mental

illness. It develops during adolescence or
early adulthood.
 It is marked by a pattern of emotional
instability, impulse behavior, distorted self-
image, and unstable relationships.
 According to the National Institute of Mental
Health, about 1.6% of adults in the United
States have BPD.
 Symptoms and Diagnosis of BPD

 Fear of Abandonment or Rejection

Unstable Relationship,
 Unclear or Shifting Self-Image
Impulsive, Self-Destructive Behavior
Self-Harm,
 Suicidal Behaviors
 Extreme Emotional Swings Chronic
Feeling of Emptiness Explosive Anger
 Causes
 Causes of BPD include multiple factors may contribute to
disorder including
 genetics, environmental factor: growing up in an unstable,
abusive, or neglectful environment may raise your risk of
developing BPD.
 Serotonin Abnormalities: Serotonin is a hormone that helps
regulate mood. Abnormalities in serotonin production may
make you susceptible to BPD.
Treatment
 psychotherapy, which includes CBT, Dialectical Behavioral
Therapy, and Schema-Focused Therapy.
 It also includes medications like antidepressants to treat
depression.
 Cluster B: Histrionic Personality Disorder.

 The word histronic means dramatic or

theatrical
 Histronic Personality Disorder is a mental
condition characterized by a pattern of
extreme emotionality and attention-seeking
behavior that began by early adulthood and
obvious in different situations.
 The disorder is characterized by low energy,
attention-seeking, and manipulative behaviors.
 Symptoms
 Symptoms are display exaggerated symptoms of weakness or
illness and may use threats of suicide to manipulate others.
 Display excessive but shallow emotions and attention-seeking
behavior.
 They are constantly performing in order to gain attention.
Experiencing flatting short-lived moods, opinions, and beliefs.
 They are also very suggestible and quick to respond to fads
or craze.
 Need others to witness their emotional display in order to
gain validation or attention.
 Use sexual-provoking behaviors to control others' gain of
attention.
 Treatment of Histrionic Personality Disorder

 Psychotherapy It can be effective in treatment HPD as it

can help reduce emotional distress, improve self-esteem,
and enhance the person's coping skills.
 Supportive psychotherapy is the preferred treatment of
choice.
 Group therapy and family therapy are generally not
recommended since HPD symptoms like seeking
attention from group members and exaggerating
symptoms may be triggered or worsen in a group
atmosphere.
 Holistic therapy, mindfulness techniques including yoga,
tai chi, and biofeedback may also help people with HPD
control their inner feelings including impulsivity and
emotional reactivity.
 Narcissistic personality
disorder
 Narcissistic personality disorder is a
personality disorder in which people have
an inflated opinion of themselves. They
also have an intense need for the
admiration and attention of others.
 People with narcissistic personality may be
generally unhappy and disappointed when
they are not given the praise or special
favor they believe they deserve. PD can
cause problems in many areas in life,
including work.
 Symptoms of Narcissistic
Personality Disorder
 An exaggerated sense of one's own abilities and
achievements.
 A constant need for attention, affirmation, and praise.
 A belief that he or she is unique or special and should
only associate with other people of the same status.
 Persistent fantasies about attaining success and
power. Exploiting other people for personal gain.
 A sense of entitlement and expectations of special
treatment. Feeling jealous of others and believing
that others are jealous of him or her.
 Causes & Treatment
 Causes of Narcissistic Personality Disorder is
childhood experiences such as parental
overindulgence, excessive praise, unreliable
parenting, and a lack of an authentically validating
environment are thought to contribute to
Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Genetics and
biology are also thought to play a considerable role.

 Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder is

impulsivity and psychotropic medication.
 Cluster C (fearful) Avoidant
Personality Disorder.
 Avoidant Personality Disorder have a
long life pattern of extreme shyness.
They also feel inedicate and are
hypersensitive to rejection. Avoidant
Personality Disorder can cause
psychiatric symptoms that create
serious problems with relationships and
work.
 Symptoms & Treatment of
APD
are
 Rejection
 Disapproval
 Embarrassment
 Criticism
 Getting to know new people
 Intimate relationships.

Treatment includes
psychodynamic therapy
cognitive behavioral therapy
medication.
 Dependent Personality
Disorder
 Dependent Personality Disorder is a
personality disorder characterized by an
inability to be alone.
 People with DPD develop symptoms of
anxiety when they are not around
others.
 They rely on other people for comfort,
reassurance, and advice and support.
 Symptoms
 Symptoms of Dependent Personality Disorder
include an inability to make common everyday
decisions without the reassurance of others.
 avoidance of personal responsibilities including
tasks requiring independent functioning.
 an intense fear of rejection and a sense of
devastation or helplessness when relationships end.
 a tendency to quickly see out of others in new
relationships.
 difficulty being alone, avoidance of disagreement
with others out of fear of losing support or approval.
 More symptoms are willingness to
tolerate mistreatment and abuse from
others, placing the needs of their
caregiver above their own, over-
sensitivity to criticism, remisism, and
lack of self-confidence, including a
belief that they are unable to cope with
others.
 Causes & Treatment of Dependent
Personality Disorder
 Causes of Dependent Personality Disorder include
developmental and biological factors, and people
exposed to authoritarian or overprotective
parenting-style chronic physical illness or separation
anxiety during childhood may be more likely to
develop Dependent Personality Disorder.

 Treatment includes psychotherapy and medication.

 Obsessive-compulsive
personality disorder
 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is a
personality disorder that is characterized by extreme
perfectionism, order, and neatness.
 People with OCPD will also feel a severe need to impose
their own standards on their outside environment.
 People with OCPD have the following characteristics.
They find it hard to express their feelings. They have
difficulty forming or maintaining close relationships with
others.
 They are hardworking, but their obsession with perfection
can make them inefficient. They often feel righteous and
angry. They often face social isolation. They can
experience anxiety and occurs with depression.